People

Biographical profiles of the authors, philosophers, and statesmen whose work shaped the history of liberty.

• A Country Gentleman

  “A Gentleman” or “A Country Gentleman” were common appellations for writers spanning from the 17th to the 19th centuries wishing to associate themselves with the classical virtues of disinterested statesmanship. It implied a life of independence from the politics of patronage associated with the king’s court or ministers in the great capital cities and a life lived through independent means, reminiscent of Cato the Elder or Cicero.

• A Gentleman in London

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." The pseudonym chosen by this author shares his location and his desire to be seen as one who is familiar with the politics of the imperial capital.

• A merchant of London

  Pseudonym of one who wished to convey familiarity with practical commercial matters.

• A Pearce Higgins

  Higgins was a barrister, a lecturer at Clare College, Cambridge, a lecturer on International Law at the London School of Economics, and formerly Deputy Whewell Profesor of International Law in the University of Cambridge.

• A.C. Campbell

  Campbell translated Grotius' the Rights of War and Peace.

• A.H. Clough

  Clough was a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford and a Professor of English Language and Literature at University College, London.

• Aaron Garrett

  Aaron Garrett is Professor of Philosophy at Boston University.

• Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge

  Greenidge taught ancient Greek and Roman history and wrote an historical introduction to Oxford University Press's edition of Gaius' Institutes.

• aBéla Kapossy

  Béla Kapossy is Professeur Suppléant of History at the University of Lausanne.

• Adam Ferguson

  Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) was a member of the Scottish Enlightenment who succeeded David Hume in his post as Librarian of the Advocate’s Library in Edinburgh. Ferguson later became professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh and wrote important works on philosophy and history.

• Adam Smith

  Adam Smith (1723-1790) is commonly regarded as the first modern economist with the publication in 1776 of The Wealth of Nations. He wrote in a wide range of disciplines: moral philosophy, jurisprudence, rhetoric and literature, and the history of science. He was one of the leading figures in the Scottish Enlightenment.

• Aeschylus

  Aeschylus was the first of the great Athenian dramatists and playwrights. Aeschylus fought and was wounded at Marathon and took part in the defense of Greece when it was invaded by the Persians in 480 B.C. During his lifetime, Greece was marked by intense political rivalries and conflicts. In his plays Aeschylus dealt with these and other issues, including religious and philosophical ones, such as the nature of the divine power governing the universe.

• Al Ghazali

  Al Ghazali is known as one of the great philosophers and theologians of Islam. He wrote on various subjects, including a critique of Neoplatonism, an exposition of legal theory, and a compilation of theological doctrines.

• Alan Ryan

  Alan Ryan taught at New College, Oxford.

• Alan S. Kahan

  Alan S. Kahan is Professor of British Civilization at the Université de Versailles/St. Quentin-en-Yvelines in France. He received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago.

• Alban G. Widgery

  Widery was professor of the Comparative Study of Religion at the College, Baroda, India.

• Albert Gallatin

  Gallatin was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, diplomat, and politician. He founded New York University and was Secretary of the Treasury under President Jefferson.

• Albert Galloway Keller

  A sociologist and editor of the works of W.G. Sumner.

• Albert Schatz

  Albert Schatz (1879-?) was a Professor of Law at the University of Dijon and an historian of ideas who lived in the early 20th century. He wrote on the history of 19th century individualism, the works of the economist Jean-Baptiste Say and his followers in the early 19th century.

• Albert T. Clay

  Albert Clay (1866-1925) was Professor of Assyriology and Babylonian Literature at Yale University.

• Albert Venn Dicey

  Albert Venn Dicey (1835-1922) was a leading constitutional lawyer and Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford University from 1882 to 1909.

• Alberto R. Coll

  Alberto R. Coll is a Professor of Strategy and Policy at the United States Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island.

• Alexander Brady

  Alexander Brady was Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at the University of Toronto.

• Alexander Broadie

  Alexander Broadie is Professor of Logic and Rhetoric at the University of Glasgow.

• Alexander Contee Hanson

  Alexander Contee Hanson was a member of the Maryland State Convention and Chancellor of Maryland from 1789 till his death in 1806.

• Alexander Dunlop Lindsay

  Lindsay was an peer and academic. He was a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and wrote on philosophy, peace issues, and democracy.

• Alexander Hamilton

  Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) was secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington in 1777-81, a member of the Continental Congress in 1782-83 and 1787-88, a representative from New York to the Annapolis Convention in 1786 and to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, first U. S. secretary of the treasury in 1789-95, and inspector general of the army, with the rank of major general, from 1798 to 1800.

• Alexander Pope

  Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was an English poet and satirist. As a Catholic he suffered oppression and discrimination but became one of the most revered English poets of the 18th century.

• Alexander Roberts

  One of the editors of the 10 volume collection of writings of the Anti-Nicen Fathers.

• Alexander Thomson

  A minor poet and translator of Suetonius.

• Alexander William Mair

  Mair was a professor of Greek at Ediniburgh University and a Fellow of Conville and Caius College, Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He translated the works of Hesiod among other authors.

• Alexander Wright

  Based on the authority of early 19th century archivists, Alexander Wright is given attribution for the pamphlet entitled, Considerations on the Late Act Prohibiting all Commercial Intercourse with the Rebellious Colonies, but little more is known about this author.

• Alexis de Tocqueville

  Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) was an enormously influential French political philosopher, politician, and historian. After a trip to the U.S. in 1831 to observe the penal system he wrote Democracy in America (1835).

• Alfonso de Salvio

  De Salvio assited Crew in transalting Galileo's work into English.

• Alfred John Wyatt

  Wyatt translated a number of works of Old English into modern English. He was a sometime scholar at Christ's College, Cambridge.

• Alfred Marshall

  Alfred Marshall, English economist at the University of Cambridge, reconciled many neoclassical economic concepts and introduced many of the modern terms and diagrams used today by economists. His teaching covered marginal utility, elasticity of demand, production costs, and consumer surplus.

• Algernon Sidney

  Algernon Sidney (1622-1683) was a radical English republican political theorist who challenged Filmer’s theory of the divine right of kings. He was executed for treason in 1683.

• Alice Drysdale Vickery

  A translation and brief analysis of Condorcet's pioneering essay urging voting rights for women during the French Revolution.

• Alice M. Macdonald

  Nothing is known about this author other than she translated Böhm-Bawerk's essay "Zum Abschluss des Marxschen Systems" in 1898.

• Allan Menzies

  Menzies edited the 9th volme of the American edition of the Ante-Nicene Fathers.

• Allan Ramsay

  Painter and polymath famous for his portraits of great personages including King George III who was his most prominent patron.

• Ambrose

  Ambrose is one of the four traditional Fathers of the Christian church. While he was serving as the governor of Milan, Ambrose was drafted into ecclesiastical service. In his new role as bishop of Milan he was a biblical and social critic, fighter of heresy, and political theorist. Both before and after assuming the bishopric, Ambrose was strongly influenced by the Neoplatonic tradition, and he carried those ideas into his theology.

• Amédée de Noé

  Amédée de Noé, (also known simply as "Cham), was a French political caricaturist.

• Americanus

  Americanus was a common pseudonym for supporters of the American cause. It was used by writers such as Benjamin Franklin and Caleb Evans for some of their writing.

• Amos

  Amos was among the earliest of the Hebrew prophets to have a biblical book named after him. He was born in the kingdom of Judah sometime in the eighth century B.C. and worked most of his life as a shepherd.

• An American (Anonymous)

  “An American” was a pseudonym commonly used to signal an author’s intention of defending the arguments of the colonies against direct taxation by Parliament.

• Andrew D. White

  White was one of the cofounders of Cornell University. He was a professor of history and English at the University of Michigan, the first American ambassador to the newly unified Germany in 1879, and an early president of the American Historical Association.

• Andrew Fletcher

  Fletcher was a Scottish writer who opposed the 1707 union with England and was staunchly opposed to standing armies which he saw as a means to expand the power of the state and oppress the people. In preference to a standing army Fletcher believed that the ordinary people organised in militias were a bulwark of liberty.

• Andrew P. Peabody

  Peabody was a minister with affiliations to Harvard University.

• Andrew R. Murphy

  Murphy works at the Martin Marty Center at the University of Chicago Divinity School.

• Andrew R. Scoble

  Scoble translated Guizot’s History of the Origins of Representative Government which was used for the Liberty Fund edition.

• Andrew Tooke

  Andrew Tooke (1673–1732) was headmaster of Chaterhouse School and professor of geometry at Gresham College, London.

• Ann P. Robson

  Ann Robson has written on the mid-19th century factory controversy, the parliamentary career of JS Mill, and has edited a volume of writings by JS Mill, Harriet Taylor and Helen Taylor on sexual equality.

• Anne Cary Morris

  Anne Morris edited her grandfathers, Gouverneur Morris's, diary in the late 19th century.

• Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot

  Jacques Turgot, French economist and statesman, was the administrator for Limoges under Louis XV, and Minister of Finance under Louis XVI (1774 to 1776).

• Annette Churton

  Churton was the translator of Kant's work On Edcuation.

• Anonymous (Sincerus)

  “Sincerus” was one of a number of anonymous writers attempting to respond to Samuel Johnson’s essay "Taxation no Tyranny," published early in the year 1775. In both name and style, Sincerus sought to counter Johnson’s erudite sarcasm with a blunt and direct address to the king, instructing him without all the usual airs of either subjection or aristocracy. He also feigned no concern with popular opinion but insisted that truth required frankness and brevity in its articulation.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1765

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1767

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1768

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1769

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1770

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1773

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1774

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1775

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anonymous Pamphleteer 1776

  Many pamphlets written on the eve of the Revolutionary War were published with no author's name attached, or were signed, "Anonymous." This was sometimes done to protect writers' reputations and even their personal safety when the ideas expressed were radical or politically and legally dangerous.

• Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury

  Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713) was the grandson of a founder and leader of the English Whigs, and was tutored by John Locke. Shaftesbury rote one of the most intellectually influential works in English of the eighteenth century, the Characteristicks.

• Anthony Bacon

  Slave trader, merchant, military contractor, and industrialist who strongly supported the North government’s approach to the American colonies. He was also a Member of Parliament.

• Anthony de Jasay

  Anthony de Jasay was an Anglo-Hungarian economist living in France. He trained as an economist in Western Australia and then at Oxford University. He worked in finance in Paris before retiring and becoming an independent scholar. Anthony de Jasay authored The State (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998), Social Contract, Free Ride: A Study of the Public Goods Question (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), and Justice and its Surroundings (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002).

• Anthony Michael C. Waterman

  Waterman coedited, with Geoffrey Brennan, Paul Heyne's collected essays for Liberty Fund. He has published on the relationship between economics and religion and economic fluctuations in Australia and Canada.

• Antoin E. Murphy

  Antoin E. Murphy is Emeritus Professor of Economics and Fellow of Trinity College Dublin.

• Antoine E. Horn

  Horn was the editor of the Journal de St. Petersbourg.

• Antoine Louis Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy

  Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) was a philosophe and one of the founders in the 1790s of the classical liberal republican group known as the Idéologues (which included Cabanis, Condorcet, Constant, Daunou, Say, Madame de Staël), a politician under several regimes spanning the Revolution and the Restoration, and an influential author.

• Antonio Favaro

  Favaro was an Italian physicist who edited the complete works of Galileo in 1890.

• Antonio Ghislanzoni

  Ghislanzoni was a writer, especially of libretti for opera. He was inspired by the liberal ideas of Mazzini during the 1848 revolution. He wrote scores of opera libretti in particular Verdi's Aida (he also worked on The Force of Destiny and Don Carlos).

• Archimedes

  Archimedes was a renowned mathematician and inventor of the ancient world. He is most famous for discovering the relationship between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder. He is also known for the Archimedes principle (the formulation of hydrostatic principles) and the Archimedes screw (a device designed to pump water from a ship’s hull).

• Aristophanes

  Aristophanes (c. 446 – c. 386 BC) was a playwright who was best known for his witty and sometimes bawdy comedies. Most of his work has not survived.

• Aristotle

  Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who set up a rival academy, The Lyceum, to challenge Plato’s Academy. Aristotle wrote influential works in a range of disciplines - politics, physics, ethics, economics - and had a profound impact on Western thought.

• Armen A. Alchian

  Armen A. Alchian was one of the 20th century’s great teachers of economic science, and the co-author, with William R. Allen, of the classic textbook University Economics.

• Arthur Anthony Macdonell

  Macdonell was Boden Professor of Sanskrit and Fellow of Balliol College, University of Oxford.

• Arthur Cecil Pigou

  Pigou is best known for his work on welfare economics. He developed the concept of externalities from Marshall and used it to justify government intervention. Pigou was Professor of Political Economy at the University of Cambridge.

• Arthur Cleveland Coxe

  Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1818-1896) is one of the editors of the 10 volume collection of writings of the Anti-Nicen Fathers.

• Arthur Goddard

  Goddard translated Bastiat into English.

• Arthur Henry Bullen

  Bullen was a scholar of the Elizabethan period who edited many volumes of Elizabethan poetry and plays, including Marlowe and Shakspeare.

• Arthur John Arberry

  Arberry was the Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge.

• Arthur Kemp

  Arthur Kemp is Professor Emeritus of Economics, at Claremont McKenna College.

• Arthur Lee

  A member of a prominent Virginia family, Arthur Lee was educated at Eton College in England, later took a degree in medicine at the University of Edinburgh and studied law in London. He stayed in Europe to represent American interests, serving in that capacity alongside Franklin in London for a time, and also to Spain and Prussia. After the war, he returned to Virginia to briefly represent his state in Congress. Like Jefferson and Franklin, he saw slavery as an evil fostered by imperial policy.

• Arthur Pollard

  Arthur Pollard (1922-2001) was Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Hull in Hull, East Yorkshire, England.

• Arthur Raffalovich

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League. He was a leading French free market economist, a secretary of the Société d’Études Économiques, a frequent contributor to the Journal des Économistes, and an expert on Russian trade and finances.

• Arthur S. Way

  Way was a prolific translator of Greek literature.

• Arthur Seldon

  For over thirty years from the late 1950s Arthur Seldon (1916-2005) was the Editorial Director of the London-based Institute for Economic Affairs, where his publishing program was one of the principal influences on governments all around the world, persuading them to liberalize their economies.

• Arthur Sutherland Pigott Woodhouse

  Woodhouse wrote on Milton and edited a collection of documents and manuscripts on the Puritan Revolution in England.

• Arthur W. Ryder

  Ryder translated many works from the Sanskrit.

• Arthur Young

  Arthur Young was an 18th century English writer who is best known for the detailed accounts he published of his travels in England, Wales, Ireland and France on the eve of the revolution.

• Auberon Herbert

  Auberon Herbert (1838-1906) was an English radical individualist who was influenced by the work of Herbert Spencer. With a group of other late Victorian classical liberals he was active in such organizations as the Personal Rights and Self-Help Association and the Liberty and Property Defense League. He formulated a system of “thorough” individualism that he described as “voluntaryism.”

• Augustin Thierry

  Augustin Thierry (1795-1856) was a classical liberal historian who pioneered the collection, publication, and analysis of primary sources, especially for medieval French history. One of the themes of his work was the study of ruling elites or classes who came to power often through conquest.

• Aurelia Henry Reinhardt

  Reinhardt was a Californian educator and translator who was the President of Mills College, California.

• Aurelian Craiutu

  Aurelian Craiutu is associate professor of political science at Indiana University, Bloomington.

• Averroes (Ibn Rushd)

  Averroes (also Ibn Rushd) is best known for his numerous commentaries on Aristotle and Plato. Born into a good family with a distinguished history as jurists, Averroes was also a legal scholar of great renown in the Almohad Empire of Islamic Spain and northern Africa.

• Barbara Foxley

  Foxley translated Emile and some other works by Rousseau into English.

• Benedict de Spinoza

  Spinoza was one of the leading rationalist philosophers of the 17th century.

• Benjamin A. Rogge

  Benjamin A. Rogge (1920-1980) was Distinguished Professor of Political Economy at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. He held degrees from Hastings College (A.B.), the University of Nebraska (M.A.), and Northwestern University (Ph.D.), and was a member of both the American Economic Association and the Mont Pelerin Society.

• Benjamin Constant

  Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) was born in Switzerland and became one of France’s leading writers, as well as a journalist, philosopher, and politician. His colorful life included a formative stay at the University of Edinburgh; service at the court of Brunswick, Germany; election to the French Tribunate; and initial opposition and subsequent support for Napoleon, even the drafting of a constitution for the Hundred Days.

• Benjamin Franklin

  Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a Founding Father of the American republic, an author, inventor, and diplomat whose life and ideas came to be identified with the new American nation. He wrote the best selling Poor Richard’s Almanac (1733), a posthumously published Autobiography, and many articles advocating American independence from Great Britain. From 1776-1785 he was the American ambassador to France, and from 1785-1788 he was governor of Pennsylvania.

• Benjamin Jowett

  Jowett is the great English Victorian Greek scholar whose translations and massively annotated editions of Aristotle, Plato, and St. Paul were very influential.

• Benjamin Lincoln, Jr.

  Benjamin Lincoln, Jr. (1756–1788) was an American lawyer and political writer from Massachusetts best known for his series of essays on republican government originally published in The Independent Chronicle under the pseudonym “The Free Republican.” A Harvard graduate and practicing attorney in Boston, he engaged deeply with post-Revolutionary political debates on mixed government and constitutional balance while moving in influential legal and political circles of his time.

• Beowulf

  Beowulf is one of the first literary masterpieces of the English language, written in Old English in the eleventh century. Although certain places and events are indeed historical, the main character of the story, Prince Beowulf of the Scandinavian Geats, is thought to be a fictional, archetypal hero who slays monsters and dies in the course of doing his duty.

• Bernard Mandeville

  Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) was born in Holland in 1670 into a family of physicians and naval officers. He received his degree of Doctor of Medicine at Leiden in 1691 and began to practice as a specialist in nerve and stomach disorders, his father’s specialty.

• Bernhard Pick

  Richardson collaborated on the 10 volume edition of the Ante-Nicene Fathers.

• Bettina Bien Greaves

  Bettina Bien Greaves attended Ludwig von Mises’s New York University seminar, compiled Mises: An Annotated Bibliography, and also edited several collections of articles. She was a senior Mises Scholar of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and works at the Foundation for Economic Education.

• Blair Worden

  Blair Worden is Visiting Professor of History, Oxford University and formerly Research Professor of History, Royal Holloway College, University of London. He is the author of several books, including The English Civil Wars, 1640-1660.

• Blaise Pascal

  Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) was a French mathematician and philosopher of the scientific method who became increasingly religious as he grew older.

• Boethius

  Boethius was an important Neoplatonist philosopher who helped craft the theology and philosophy of the early medieval church. He served the Roman Empire both as a consul and as a senator, but his real love was philosophy.

• Bruce Frohnen

  Bruce Frohnen is assistant professor of law at the Ave Maria School of Law in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

• Bruce L. Kinzer

  Bruce Kinzer is Associate Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.

• Bruce Smith

  Bruce Smith (1851-1937) was an Australian Barrister and a Member of the Parliament of New South Wales in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Bruno Leoni

  Bruno Leoni (1913-1967) was Professor of Legal Theory and the Theory of the State at the University of Pavia, a practicing lawyer, founder editor of the journal <i>Il Politico</i>, newspaper columnist, and secretary and president of the Mont Pelerin Society.

• Buddha

  The person known generally as the Buddha (500 BC) is credited with beginning a spiritual movement that shaped the institutional and intellectual development of Asia. His given name was Gautama, and he was born into the ruling family of the kingdom of the Sakyas sometime in the middle of the sixth century B.C. At thirty-five Gautama became the supreme Buddha and developed a following that grew into one of the major religions of the world.

• Burnt Njal

  Burnt Njal was the leading figure in the Icelandic Sagas of Burnt Njal which were written down in the 13th century.

• Byron Edmund Walker

  Walker was General Manger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, the president of the Canadian Bankers’ Association (1894-95), Vice-President of the Canadian Institute, and a Fellow of the Geological Society of London.

• C Bradley Thompson

  C Bradley Thompson is an Associate Professor of History and Political Science at Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio, and the author of John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty.

• Cadwallader Colden

  Physician and colonial administrator of New York, serving in various capacities Lieutenant Governor, Acting Governor and Governor at various periods between 1760 and 1775.

• Caleb Evans

  Dissenting Minister and Teacher.

• Carl Adolph Buchheim

  Buchheim was a German scholar who wrote on Goethe, Heine, Lessing and Schiller. He was professor of German at King's College, London.

• Carl Lotus Becker

  Becker was a professor of History at Cornell University. He was one of the preeminent American historians in the first half of the 20th century and wrote a number of significant books such as his study of <i>The Declaration of Independence</i> (1922) and <i>The Heavenly City of the Eightenth-Century Philosophers</i> (1932).

• Carl Menger

  Carl Menger (1840-1921) was one of the founders of the Austrian School of economics. Menger, along with Jevons and Walras, published a work in 1871 which revolutionized the way economists viewed value and price theory by introducing innovations in the theory of marginal utility. His work was profoundly influential in Europe where it inspired the work of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

• Carl von Clausewitz

  Clausewitz witnessed at first hand the revolution in military affairs made possible by the French Revolution and utilised by Napoleon. Clausewitz did not live to see his magnum opus in print but he influenced Prussian military thinking for the rest of the 19th century.

• Carlos Alberto Montaner

  Montaner is an author and journalist who resides in Madrid.

• Caroline A.F. Rhys Davids

  Rhys Davids was a philosopher with a strong interest in Indian religion.

• Catharine Macaulay

  Macaulay was a radical republican historian who wrote a poplar 8 volume History of England which argued that English history was a failed struggle for virtue and liberty. She believed that virtue and liberty had been achieved by the American colonists and so was a supporter of the American Revolution. She later supported the French Revolution, writing an attack on Burke’s opposition.

• Cato

  Cato was a common pseudonym of eighteenth-century political writers famously deployed by the Old Whig essayists of the 1720s, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon.

• Cecilius Calvert

  Nom de plume taken by an anonymous writer in reference to the original proprietor of Maryland who obtained a charter from Charles the First. The author clearly wished to convey familiarity with the constitutional history of Maryland’s founding.

• Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria

  Beccaria was an Italian legal philosopher, political economist and politician who was much influenced by the French philosophes. In Milan he introduced a number of legal and monetary reforms but is best known for his 1764 work On Crimes and Punishments in which he advocated an end to torture and the death penalty.

• Charles Cotton

  Charles Cotton (1630-1687), along with Izaak Walton, was the author of The Compleat Angler and the translator of Montaigne's Essays.

• Charles Darwin

  Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and then theology at Cambridge before deciding to travel on the H.M.S. Beagle to observe first hand the distribution and change in structure of animal and plant life in many parts of the world, notably South America. From the material he gathered from this voyage he developed the idea that life evolved over time from common ancestors by a process he called “natural selection.”

• Charles Duke Yonge

  Yonge was a Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland.

• Charles Edwyn Vaughan

  Vaughan was an English scholar who edited the works of Rousseau and wrote on English Romanticism. He was Profesor of English Literature in the Unversity of Leeds.

• Charles Eliot Norton

  Norton was a man of letters and Professor of the History of Art at Harvard University. He edited the works and correspondence of many literary figures including James Russell Lowell, Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Shelley, Coleridge, Keats and Kipling.

• Charles F. Bastable

  Charles Francis Bastable, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Dublin, was a proponent of free trade. His works included expositions on international trade and clarifications of Ricardo’s and Mill’s ideas.

• Charles Fairfield

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• Charles Francis Adams

  Grandson of the President John Adams, Charles Francis was a U.S. Congressman, ambassador, and editor of his grandfather’s papers.

• Charles Frederick Tucker Brooke

  Brooke was a Shakesepare scholar.

• Charles H. Hamilton

  Charles Hamilton is the Executive Director of the Clark Foundation in New York City.

• Charles Harding Firth

  Firth was Regius Professor of History at Oxford University. He wrote on the English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell.

• Charles Henry Hull

  Hull taught at Cornell University and edited the writings of Sir William Petty.

• Charles Homer Haskins

  Haskins was an historian.

• Charles Howard McIlwain

  McIlwain was the Eaton Professor of the Science of Government at Harvard University and was a highly regarded scholar of Anglo-American constitutional history.

• Charles J. Reid, Jr.

  Charles J. Reid, Jr., is a professor of law at Emory University School of Law, Atlanta.

• Charles K. Rowley

  Charles K. Rowley is Duncan Black Professor of Economics at George Mason University and a Senior Fellow of the James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy at George Mason University. He is also General Director of the Locke Institute.

• Charles Kegan Paul

  Kegan Paul translated the Thoughts of Pascal into English.

• Charles Lloyd

  Private secretary to George Grenville, a clerk of the Treasury and tutor to Grenville’s children.

• Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

  Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was one of the most influential legal theorists and political philosophers of the 18th century. His ideas about the separation of powers and checks on the power of the executive had a profound impact on the architects of the American constitution.

• Charles M. Andrews

  Andrews was a professor of history at Bryn Mawr College.

• Charles Murray

  Charles Murray is the W. H. Brady Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. He has written numerous books, including Coming Apart, Losing Ground, Real Education, and Human Accomplishment. He is perhaps best known for coauthoring the 1994 New York Times bestseller The Bell Curve with the late Richard J. Herrnstein.

• Charles Robert Prinsep

  Prinsep was the translator of Say's Treatise on Political Economy.

• Charles S. Hyneman

  Charles S. Hyneman was Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Indiana University before his death in 1984. He was a past president of the American Political Science Association.

• Charles Sanford Terry

  Terry edited and commented in great detail on Bach's Chorals in an edition published in 1915.

• Charles Wilkins

  Charles Wilkins (1749-1836) trained as a printer before working for the East India company. He became an expert in oriental languages (Persian and Bengali) and was a pioneer in developing type faces in order to print these languages. He is best known for his translation of the Bhagvat-Geeta. Upon his return to England he became a librarian of the Indian collection of the East India Company which became the foundation of the British Museums oriental collection.

• Charles William Eliot

  Eliot was President of Harvard University from 1869 and turned it into one of the preeminent research universities in America.

• Charles-Joseph Mathon de La Cour (Fortuné Ricard)

  Mathon de La Cour (or Fortuné Ricard) was a member of the Academy of Lyon and the Royal Agricultural Society.

• Christian Detmold

  Detmold translated the works of Machiavelli.

• Christian Maurer

  Christian Maurer teaches philosophy at the Collège St-Michel, Fribourg, Switzerland, and he is an associate member of the research center PHARE, Université Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.

• Christian Thomasius

  Christian Thomasius (1655-1728) was professor of natural law at Leipzig University. He was a follower of Hugo Grotius and an ardent defender of the religious toleration and opponent of torture.

• Christian Wolff

  Christian Wolff was a prominent German philosopher, mathematician, and jurist, recognized as a leading figure in the Enlightenment and a pivotal link between the rationalist traditions of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Immanuel Kant. He played a crucial role in systematizing and disseminating rationalist thought, particularly through his rigorous, methodical approach to philosophy and law.

• Christine Dunn Henderson

  Christine Dunn Henderson is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Singapore Management University. She received her Ph.D. from Boston College and has taught at Merrimack College and Marshall University. She edited <i>Seers and Judges,</i> a volume of essays on politics and American literature.

• Christopher G. Tiedeman

  Christopher Tiedeman (1857-1903) was a conservative American legal scholar who was part of the group known as the “laisser-faire constitutionalists” who defended a natural rights “hands off” approach to interpreting the American constitution. He was Dean of the University of Buffalo Law School 1902-03.

• Christopher Marlowe

  Marlowe was a contemporary of William Shakespeare and famous for his dissolute life and his wonderful play about Faust.

• Christopher W. Brooks

  Brooks has held fellowships at the Huntington Library and at the National Humanities Center and is a Lecturer in History at the University of Durham.

• Christopher Wells

  A military chaplain who served first in the Royal Navy and then later under the command of Right Honorable Earl Harcourt. Little else is known of his life.

• Christy Lynn Horpedahl

  Christy Lynn Horpedahl is a managing editor at Liberty Fund. She works on the Liberty Matters series and the AdamSmithWorks website. She enjoys leading and participating in virtual reading groups. She is also a project manager for a large-scale digitization project of more than 400 revolutionary war era pamphlets as a part of the A Call to Liberty project at Liberty Fund.

• Chuang Tzu

  Chuang Tzu (or Zhuangzi or Kwang Ze) was a philosopher in the Taoist tradition. Very little is known of his life.

• Claude-Adrien Helvétius

  Helvétius was a French philosopher who defended a materialist theory of human nature in which all human action is determined by the surroundings. His book <i>De l’homme</i> (1758) could not be published in his lifetime.

• Clement Cornell Biddle

  Biddle was a member of the American Philosophical Society and the editor of Say's Treatise on Political Economy.

• Clyde N. Wilson

  Clyde N. Wilson is Professor of History and Editor of The Papers of John C. Calhoun at the University of South Carolina.

• Colin Robinson

  Robinson edited the Liberty Fund's edition of the Collected Works of Arthur Seldon.

• Colleen A. Sheehan

  Colleen A. Sheehan is a Professor of Political Science at Villanova Univeristy.

• Colonel James John Graham

  Graham translated the work of Clausewitz during the First World War.

• Committee of the Association of American Law Schools

  This committee oversaw the editing of a massive 3 volume survey of American and English law with articles by the leading authorities of the day.

• Condy Raguet

  Raguet (1784-1842) was born in Philadelphia of French parents. He was elected to Congress in the Federalist Party but after the Panic of 1819 became increasingly in favor of sound banking and free trade. He served as Consul to Brazil under President Monroe.

• Confucius

  Confucius is China’s most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist. In a time of great political upheaval, he sought an intellectual basis for a stable political and social order which he believed lay with a ruler who would rule with wisdom and virtue and would be opposed to force and violence.

• Constantin-François Chasseboeuf, Marquis de Volney

  Volney was associated with liberal groups such as the Girondins and the Ideologues during the French Revoltuon and the Napoleonic Empire. He studied medicine before travelling widely in the Middle East and learning Arabic. He wrote on history and geography.

• Corinne Comstock Weston

  Weston was Professor Emeritus of History at Herbert H. Lehman College of the City University of New York and also served as a member of the Ph.D. Faculty of CUNY. She was an American Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and served on the National Screening Committee for the Fulbright-Hays Program and as a reader for the National Endowment for the Humanities.

• Courtney Langdon

  Courtney Langdon was a poet who wrote a volume of war sonnets and translated Dante Divine Comedy.

• Cradock Glascott

  Welsh cleric, friend of John Wesley.

• Craig B. Yirush

  Craig B. Yirush is an Associate Professor of History at UCLA. Educated at the University of British Columbia, Cambridge University, and the Johns Hopkins University, he teaches and writes about the intellectual history of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British world. He is the author of Settlers, Liberty, and Empire: The Roots of American Political Theory, 1675–1775.

• Cyril Bailey

  Bailey was a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and a translator of Stoic and Epicurian philosophy and the editor of the Oxford Book of Greek Verse..

• D.L. Le Mahieu

  DL Le Mahieu is Hotchkiss Presidential Professor at Lake Forest College in Illinois. He is also the author of <i>The Mind of William Paley: A Philosopher and His Age</i> (1976) and <i>A Culture for Democracy</i> (1988).

• Dale R. Smith

  Dale R. Smith is Sessional Lecturer at University College of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia.

• Dane Starbuck

  Dane Starbuck is a native of Winchester, Indiana, an attorney practicing law in Carmel, Indiana, and serves as a director of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• Daniel E. Ritchie

  Ritchie is the editor of Liberty Fund’s edition of Burke’s <i>Further Reflections on the Revolution in France.</i>

• Daniel J. Elazar

  Daniel J. Elazar was Director of the Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University and Professor of Political Science at Temple and at Bar Ilan University in Israel.

• Daniel Leonard

  Daniel Leonard came from a prominent and wealthy Massachusetts family. He trained as a lawyer and joined the Loyalist cause during the American Revolution. He lost his property and citizenship, was forced into exile, and later became the Chief Justice of Bermuda.

• Daniel Webster

  Daniel Webster was elected to Congress as a Federalist and served in the House of Representatives from 1813 to 1817. He was a prominent opponent of the Republican embargo and the War of 1812 and was elected to the House of Representatives from Boston, serving from 1823 to 1827, and then to the Senate in 1827.

• Dante Alighieri

  Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) was a Florentine poet and philosopher who wrote at the end of the Medieval period and the beginning of the Renaissance. His most famous work, The Divine Comedy, is a literary landmark and a synthesis of his political, religious and social views. His embrace of individuality and happiness and the use of Italian instead of Latin are often considered to mark a transition to a new way of thinking about humanity.

• David Armitage

  David Armitage is Professor of History at Harvard University.

• David Fordyce

  David Fordyce (1711-1751) was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Marischal College, the University of Aberdeen, from 1742 to 1751 and was a leading figure in the early Scottish Enlightenment. His books on education and moral philosophy were extremely influential in 18thC America.

• David Hartley

  British MP, inventor, and politician known for his abolitionist views.

• David Hume

  David Hume (1711-1776) was a moral philosopher and historian and a leading member of the Scottish Enlightenment.

• David Jayne Hill

  Hill was the Assistant Secretary of State of the United States.

• David Lieberman

  David Lieberman is Jefferson E. Peyser Professor of Law and History at the University of California, Berkeley

• David M. Hart

  David Hart is the former Director of Liberty Fund’s Online Library of Liberty Project.

• David R. Henderson

  David R. Henderson is an Emeritus Professor of Economics at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California and a Research Fellow with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He was previously a senior economist with President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers.

• David Ramsay

  David Ramsay was a doctor from South Carolina who wrote one of the earliest and best known nationalist histories of the American Revolution.

• David Ricardo

  David Ricardo (1772-1823) was born in London of parents recently emigrated from Amsterdam, where he was educated as a youth in yeshivas. He returned to London and made a large fortune as a stockbroker, and eventually was elected to Parliament; but he also enjoyed reading about economics.

• David S. Schaff

  Schaff was Professor of Church History at the Western Theological Seminary.

• David Saunders

  David Saunders is Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Arts at Griffith University.

• David Womersley

  David Womersley is the Thomas Warton Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford. His monographs include Divinity and State (OUP), Gibbon and the “Watchmen of the Holy City” (OUP), The Transformation of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (CUP), and Thinking Through Shakespeare (Princeton UP).

• Denis Diderot

  Denis Diderot, 1713–84 was born in Langres, in eastern France, into a cutler’s family, In the 1740s, he lived mainly by translating several works, the most important of which was the Earl of Shaftesbury’s Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit (1745), a seminal work of sentimentalist moral theory. He was chosen to edit the Encyclopédie in 1747, which brought an end to his near-poverty.

• Dennis O’Keeffe

  Dennis O’Keeffe was Professor of Social Science at the University of Buckingham and Senior Research Fellow in Education at the Institute of Economic Affairs. He published widely in the area of education and the social sciences. His books include The Wayward Elite (1990) and Political Correctness and Public Finance (1999). His previous translations include Alain Finkielkraut’s The Undoing of Thought (La Défaite de la Pensée) (1988).

• Desiderius Erasmus

  Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) was a Christian, humanist scholar; the first editor of the New Testament; a classicist; and a leading voice in the theological debates of the early Reformation in northern Europe. He contended with the reformer Martin Luther (1483-1546), emphasizing the importance of free will in human actions against Luther’s belief in the absolute bondage of the will to sin.

• Donald J. Boudreaux

  Donald J. Boudreaux is Professor of Economics at George Mason University and Getchell Chair at George Mason's Mercatus Center. He is the author of, among other books, Globalization (2008) and The Essential Hayek (2014), as well as of several academic papers and popular essays on economics, law, and public policy. He writes a regular column for AIER and blogs daily at Cafe Hayek.

• Donald Livingston

  Donald Livingston is Professor of Philosophy at Emory University.

• Donald S. Lutz

  Donald S. Lutz is Professor of Political Science at the University of Houston.

• Donald Winch

  Donlad Winch was a Research Professor in the School of Humanities at the University of Sussex.

• Douglas Den Uyl

  Douglas Den Uyl has for many years been a Professor of Philosophy at Bellarmine College, Louisville, and is Vice President of Educational Programs for Liberty Fund, Inc.

• Dugald Stewart

  Stewart was a Scottish philosopher who studied at Edinburgh University, becoming first professor of mathematics and then later succeeding Adam Smith as professor of moral philosophy. He was a Whig who favored the early stage of the French Revolution.

• Dwight N. Lindley

  Lindley taught at Hamilton College.

• Ebenezer Radcliffe

  Nonconformist minister and political writer who championed individual liberty.

• Ed Feulner

  Ed Feulner is the President of the Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.

• Edgar Holmes McNeal

  McNeal was a professor of European History at the Ohio State University.

• Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin

  The editor of the 4 volume collection A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations (1896) is not named. The title page merely contains the phrase “Edited by the Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin”.

• Edmund Bohun

  Bohun was and Amglican and Tory propagandist who defended Sir Robert Filmer's theory of the divine right of kings against the attacks by Algernon Sidney.

• Edmund Burke

  Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was an English political philosopher who is often seen as laying the foundations of modern conservatism. Although he supported the American colonies in the revolution against the claims of Parliament, he strongly opposed the French Revolution, the rise of unbridled democracy, and the growing corruption of government.

• Edmund G. Hurley

  Hurley was the organist and choirmaster of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York City.

• Edmund Randolph

  Edmund Randolph was a member of the Annapolis, Philadelphia, and Virginia Conventions, in all of which he took a prominent though equivocal position.

• Edmund Spencer Bouchier

  Bouchier was a scholar of Exeter College and wrote on Roman history and translated some works of Aristotle.

• Edmund Vincent

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• Eduardo Nolla

  Eduardo Nolla is a Professor at the Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid. He was a visiting scholar at Yale University from 1981 to 1985 and taught there full time from 1986 to 1992. He is the author of numerous books and articles on Tocqueville and the editor of The French Critical Edition of “Democracy in America.”

• Edward Atkinson

  Edward Atkinson was a cotton manufacturer in New England before becoming a radical abolitionist who worked to support runaway slaves in the underground railroad and to raise money for John Brown. Later, he was inspired by the free trade ideas of Richard Cobden and John Bright and became an ardent supporter of free trade in the US. In 1898 he helped found the Anti-Imperialist League in order to oppose the annexation of the Philippines.

• Edward Aveling

  A translator of Marx into Engish.

• Edward Bancroft

  American physician, chemist, and double agent for the Americans and the British, Edward Bancroft was mentored by Benjamin Franklin and served as secretary to the American commission in Paris during the Revolutionary War.

• Edward Bentham

  Oxford theologian, church administrator, and natural philosopher.

• Edward Dacres

  Dacres translated Machiavelli's The Prince in 1640.

• Edward Duncan Ingraham

  Ingraham was a lawyer and editor of a mid-19th century edition of Vattel's Law of Nations.

• Edward Gibbon

  Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) is regarded as the greatest historian of the Enlightenment. His multi-volume history of Rome was both scholarly and full of humane scepticism. Although he was a Member of Parliament he was a long-time resident of Lausanne.

• Edward J. Erler

  Erler is a Senior Felow at the Claremont Institute and a Professor of Political Science at California State University, San Bernadino.

• Edward L. Glaeser

  Glaeser is Professor of Economics at Harvard University where he specializes in urban and social economics, law and economics, and microeconomic theory. He is an editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics.

• Edward Lazear

  Lazear is Jack Steele Parker Professor of Human Resources Management and Economics at Stanford University, and the Morris Arnold Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution.

• Edward Livingston

  Edward Livingston was born in New York in 1764, the younger brother of the revolutionary statesman Robert R. Livingston. Educated at Princeton College, he studied law and began the practice of law in 1785. He entered politics as a Republican, serving in the United States House of Representatives from 1795 to 1801.

• Edward Poste

  Poste translated Gaius's Institutes in the late 19th century for Oxford University Press.

• Edward Stanley Robertson

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• Edward Wortley Montagu

  Edward Wortley Montagu (1713 –1776) was the son of a wealthy British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire and of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. He was a student of oriental languages at the University of Leiden, which apparently proved useful during the peace negotiations at Aix-la-Chapelle which concluded the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748.

• Edwin Cannan

  Edwin Cannan (1861-1935) is most frequently honored for his scholarly edition of Adam Smith’s <i>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i>. He also wrote on production and distribution, capital, money, and the history of economics. His influences and contemporaries included W. S. Jevons, Alfred Marshall, and protégé Lionel Robbins. He taught at the London School of Economics, where he was chairman for many years.

• Edwin G. Dolan

• Egerton Leigh

  Lawyer, Royal Attorney-General of the colony of South Carolina, and tobacco farmer.

• Elbridge Gerry

  Gerry was a member of the Philadelphia Convention from Massachusetts, and one of the number who refused to sign the Constitution, for reasons given in his letter to the presiding officers of the Massachusetts legislature.

• Eli F. Heckscher

  Heckscher was a Swedish economist who, along with his student, Bertil Ohlin, explored trade in goods along with the factors of production - labor and capital - used to produce them.

• Elizabeth Lecky

  Elizabeth Lecky, presumably William Lecky's wife, wrote the preface to a posthumously published collection of his essays.

• Ellis Sandoz

  Ellis Sandoz (1931-) is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute at Louisiana State University.

• Emer de Vattel

  Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) was one of the foremost theorists of natural law in the 18th century. His writings were widely read in the American colonies and had a profound impact on the thinking of the framers of the American constitution.

• Epictetus

  Epictetus was born to a slave of one of Nero’s bodyguards and became a freedman only later in his life. As a child, Epictetus was influenced by the lectures of the Stoic Musonius Rufus. He developed a deep love of philosophy and of Stoicism in particular, whence his philosophical orientation seems to have stemmed. Epictetus’s importance lies in the influence of his thought—recorded in the writings of his student, Flavius Arrianus—on the early Christian church.

• Eric Mack

  Eric Mack is a Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University.

• Ernest Belfort Bax

  A prolific socialist author and translator from the German. He also wrote on French and German history and philosophy.

• Ernest Cushing Richardson

  Richardson collaborated on the 10 volume edition of the Ante-Nicene Fathers.

• Ernest Untermann

  A translator of Marx into English.

• Ernest van den Haag

  Ernest van den Haag was born in Holland and came to the United States in 1940. He published a number of works, including <em>The Fabric of Society,</em> <em>The Jewish Mystique,</em> and <em>Political Violence and Civil Disbedience.</em> In 1975, he published <em>Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question…</em> which established van den Haag as one of the leading voices in American criminology and led to his appointment as visiting professor of Criminal Justice at the State University of New York in Albany and as John M. Olin Professor of Jurisprudence and Public Policy at Fordham University.

• Étienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac

  Étienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac (1714-1780) was a French priest, philosopher, and economist and a member of the French Academy. He was an advocate of the ideas of John Locke and a friend of the encyclopedist Denis Diderot. His work on Commerce and Government appeared in the same year as Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations.

• Etienne de la Boétie

  Estienne de la Boétie (1530-1563) was a friend of Montaigne and made a name for himself with his poetry and translations of ancient Greek authors. He is perhaps better known today for his essay “Discourse of Voluntary Servitude” where he explores why the majority too often willingly capitulates to the demands of a tiny ruling minority.

• Etienne Hofmann

  Etienne Hofmann is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Social and Political Science at the University of Lausanne and also teaches in the Faculty of Arts where he directs L’Institut Benjamin Constant. He specializes in critical editions of texts and correspondence and is working on the edition of Constant’s complete works.

• Euclid

  Euclid’s treatise on geometry, Elements, has made him one of the best-known mathematicians of the ancient world. Greek sources attribute a number of other writings in geometry to Euclid, but these works have been lost. Very little is known of Euclid save that he lived during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (323-283 B.C.) and founded a school in Alexandria, Egypt.

• Eugen Richter

  Eugen Richter (1838-1906) was one of the very few radical liberals in late 19th century Germany. As a member of the Reichstag, he consistently opposed the growing budget, German militarism and imperialism, and the rise of socialism.

• Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk

  Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Austrian economist at the University of Vienna, and Austrian finance minister, made the modern intertemporal theory of interest rates possible in his work Capital and Interest. His second book in this series of two, The Positive Theory of Capital, continued on to study the accumulation and influences of capital, proposing an average period of production.

• Eugene F. Miller

  Eugene F. Miller was a professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia.

• Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh

  Shuckburgh translated the letters of Cicero for the Harvard Classics.

• Evert Mordecai Clark

  Clark was an instructor in English at the University of Texas.

• Ezequiel Gallo

  Ezequiel Gallo is Emeritus Professor at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Departamento de Historia, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

• F Thornton Miller

  F Thornton Miller is Assistant Professor of History at Southwest Missouri State University.

• F.E.L. Priestley

  F.E.L. Priestley was Professor of English at University College, University of Toronto.

• F.H. Peters

  Peters was a Fellow of University College, Oxford.

• F.H. Stevens

  Stevens was a scholar of Queen's College, Oxford and the editor of Euclid's Elements.

• F.W. Beauchamp Gordon

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• Father John Proctor

  Father Proctor was the provincial of the Dominicans in England.

• Father Paschal Robinson

  Fr. Robinson taught at a Franciscan Convent in Paterson, New Jersey in the early 20th century. He also translated the works of St. Francis of Assisi.

• Fathers of the English Dominican Province

  An anonymous group of English Dominican priests who translated Aquinas's Summa Theologica in the early 1920s.

• Fernando R. Tesón

  Fernando R. Tesón is the Simon Eminent Scholar at Florida State University College of Law.

• Fisher Ames

  Fisher Ames (1758 – 1808) was a Congressional representative from Massachusetts. He was a leader in the Federalist party and opposed Jeffersonian democracy. He was a lawyer who was known for his oratory skills.

• Floyd Arthur Harper

  "Baldy" Harper was one of the great defenders of liberty during the mid-20th century. He wrote prolifically and founded the Institute for Humane Studies in 1961 in Menlo Park, California.

• Forrest McDonald

  Forrest McDonald was Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus) at the University of Alabama.

• Francesco Petrarch

  Francesco Petrarca was an Italian scholar and poet who is regarded by many scholars as being among the first humanists. He contributed to the Renaissance flowering of lyric poetry and literature through his poems addressed to Laura, his idealized beloved.

• Francis Amasa Walker

  Francis Amasa Walker was an economics professor at Yale University, and served as president of the American Statistical Association and American Economic Association, and for a time, MIT. (He was also a general during the Civil War.)

• Francis Bernard

  Colonial Administrator and Governor.

• Francis Brooks

  Brooks was formerly classical scholar of Balliol College, Oxford and Lecturer in Classics at Uiversity ollege, Bristol.

• Francis Canavan

  Francis Canavan, S.J., was for many years Professor of Government at Fordham University and edited the 4 volume <i>Select Works of Edmund Burke</i> for Liberty Fund.

• Francis E. Mineka

  Francis Mineka was the Class of 1916 Professor of English at Cornell University.

• Francis Edward Sparshott

  Sparshott was professor of philosophy at Victoria College, University of Toronto.

• Francis Foster Barham

  Barham translated the writings of Cicero in the mid-19th century.

• Francis Hutcheson

  Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746) was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he assumed the chair of Moral Philosophy in 1729.

• Francis Lieber

  Franz (Francis) Lieber was a German-American legal theorist and political philosopher. He fought with the Prussian army against Napoleon but was persecuted for his views following the wars. He went into exile in England, fought in the Greek War of Independence, before settling in Boston in 1827. He was an ardent Unionist during the American Civil War and wrote the Code for Government of Armies in the Field in 1863.

• Francis Masères

  Francis Masères was an English lawyer, mathematician, judge, member of the Royal Society, a baron of the exchequer and the attorney general of the Province of Quebec. He was sympathetic to colonial rights and contended for the representation of the colonies in the House of Commons. He supported the efforts of the American sympathizer, French Canadian Pierre du Calvet, to restrain the harsh policies of Quebec Governor Frederick Haldimand.

• Francis Newton Thorpe

  Francis Thorpe (1857-1926) was a member of the Pennsylvania Bar and a Professor of American Constitutional History at the University of Pennsylvania 1885-1898. He edited a 7 volume collection of Federal and State constitutions for the U.S. Congress.

• Francis Stone

  Rector of St. Stephens parish in Cold Norton, Essex, and a radical English clergyman who championed religious and political liberty.

• Francis W. Hirst

  Hirst came from a non-conformist family with strong ties to Cobden's free trade and anti-war movement of the mid-19th century.

• Francisco Pérez Romero

  Romero was a lawyer in the Colegio de Madrid and translated Frédéric Bastiat's Economic Harmonies into Spanish.

• Francisco Suárez

  Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) was the greatest metaphysician and moral theorist of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century scholasticism.

• François Guizot

  Guizot was a member of the French liberal group known as the “Doctrinaires” during the Restoration. He taught history, was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and served as Minister of the Interior, then Education, and Foreign Affairs. After the fall of the July Monarchy he returned to his academic post.

• François Hotman

  François Hotman (1524-1590) was a French Protestant political theorist who was part of the monarchomach group who were opponents of absolute monarchy. Hotman trained as a lawyer but later turned to literature and political theory. He was a professor of jurisprudence, history, and literature at a number of European universities and was an important figure in the humanist movement.

• Frank A. Fetter

  Frank Albert Fetter (1863-1949) was the leader in the United States of the early Austrian school of economics.

• Frank Chodorov

  Chodorov was an advocate of the free market, individualism, and peace. He began as a supporter of Henry George and edited the Georgeist paper The Freeman before founding his own journal which became the influential Human Events. He later founded another version of The Freeman for the Foundation for Economic Education and lectured at the Freedom School in Colorado.

• Frank Grunert

  Frank Grunert is a member of the Institute for Philosophy at the University of Giessen.

• Frank H. Knight

  Frank Knight went from a farming childhood in Illinois to teaching at the University of Chicago, where he influenced many modern economists, including Nobel Laureate James Buchanan. His works on risk and uncertainty created a foundation for economic theory while repeatedly drawing on evidence and the everyday experiences of business owners, families, and ethical considerations. [The image comes from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University."]

• Frank William Taussig

  Frank W. Taussig (1859-1940), American economist, taught at Harvard, and worked on international trade. His articles and books on tariffs, both in theory and in careful empirical studies of industries and history, became the foundation of how modern trade theory is taught today. He was editor of the <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics.</i>

• Franz Oppenheimer

  Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943) was a German sociologist whose pioneering historical analysis of the development of the state was based upon the distinction between the “political means” of acquiring wealth (such as coercion and taxation) and the “economic means” (through peaceful and voluntary exchange).

• Fred McChesney

  McChesney is James B. Haddad Professor at Northwestern University, School of Law.

• Frédéric Bastiat

  Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) was one of the leading advocates of free markets and free trade in the mid-19th century. He was inspired by the activities of Richard Cobden and the organization of the Anti-Corn Law League in Britain in the 1840s and tried to mimic their success in France.

• Frédéric Passy

  Passy, a contemporary of Molinari, was a free market economist and peace activist.

• Frédéric Sautet

  Frédéric Sautet is a Visiting Associate Professor of Economics at the Catholic University of America. Previously, he has taught at George Mason University, New York University, and the University of Paris Dauphine. He was also a senior economist at the New Zealand Treasury and the New Zealand Commerce Commission. He is the author of An Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm and has published widely on entrepreneurship.

• Frederic William Maitland

  Frederic William Maitland (1850–1906) was an English jurist and historian who, like Pollock, attended Eton and then Trinity College, Cambridge. Maitland began publishing legal history in 1884 and four years later he was elected to the Downing Chair of the Laws of England. He founded the Selden Society in 1886 and served as its general editor.

• Frederick Benjamin Kaye

  Kaye was a Mandeville scholar who published the original edition on which Liberty Fund’s edition was based.

• Frederick Douglass

  Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) was an ex-slave who wrote three accounts of his life as a slave, runaway, and campaigner for the abolition of slavery: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845), My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881).

• Frederick Millar

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League. Millar was one of the driving forces behind the League, a prolific pamphleteer, the editor of its journal Liberty Review, and the secretary of the League after the founder’s death.

• Frederick S. Carney

  Frederick S. Carney was Professor Emeritus of Ethics at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University.

• Friedrich August von Hayek

  Hayek was one of the most important free market economists of the 20th century. He was a member of the Austrian school of economics, taught at the London School of Economics, wrote extensively on banking and monetary theory, the socialist calculation debate, and the theory of spontaneous orders.

• Friedrich Engels

  The son of a wealthy German cotton manufacturer, Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) is best known for his collaboration with Karl Marx in developing 19th century revolutionary, “scientific socialism.”

• Friedrich List

  Friedrich List (1789-1846) was one of the leading German economists in the first half of the 19th century. Best known for his book The National System of Political Economy (1841) in which he criticised the Smithian school of free trade as inimical to the economic development of the nation, in particular the less well-developed German national economy.

• Friedrich Max Müller

  Müller was born in Germany but worked most of his life in Britain as a philologist and professor of modern languages at Oxford. He pioneered the study of Sanskrit and Indian language and culture.

• Friedrich Schiller

  Schiller was one of Germany’s leading poets and playwrights. Many of his greatest plays dealt with the themes of leadership, rebellion, and liberty.

• Friedrich von Gentz

  Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832) came under the influence of the classical liberal philosopher Immanuel Kant at the University of Königsberg and at first welcomed the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789.

• Friedrich von Wieser

  An Austrian economist who contributed to the early development of the marginalist or subjectivist school of economic thought in the late 19th century. [The image comes from “The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University.”]

• G.D.H. Cole

  A leading English socialist historian in the first half of the 20th century.

• G.F. Thirlby

  Thirlby was a lecturer in commerce in the University of Cape Town from 1934 to 1947 and at the London School of Economics from 1947 to 1962, when he retired.

• Gabriel Bonnot Abbé de Mably

  The Abbé de Mably (1709-1785) was the brother of Condillac and a noted French political writer of republican sympathies who thought the state should redistribute wealth of the grounds of equality.

• Gaillard Hunt

  An American historian and editor who was the chief of the division of manuscripts in the Library of Congress from 1909 to 1917. He wrote about James Madison and edited Madison’s writings.

• Gaius

  Gaius (130-180) was a Roman jurist whose writings became authoritative legal texts during the late Roman Empire. Gaius made one of the first systematic collections and analyses of Roman law dealing with the legal status of persons (slaves, free persons, and citizens), property rights, contracts, and various legal actions.

• Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny)

  Pliny was an imperial official, a friend of Tacitus and Cicero, who left behind numerous letters chronicling life in the 1st century.

• Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust)

  Sallust was a Roman historian. He served in Julius Caesar’s armies in Africa for which he was rewarded with a governorship in North Africa. In the political battles of his time he sided with Caesar against the traditional aristocratic factions. In his retirement he turned to the writing of history.

• Galen

  Galen, the founder of experimental physiology, was one of the most distinguished physicians of antiquity.

• Galileo Galilei

  Galileo Galilei, an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, is considered a founder of the experimental method. His conflict with the Catholic church arose over his support of Copernicus’s theory that the planets revolve around the sun. He was the first to apply a mathematical analysis to the mechanics of this theory.

• Gamaliel Smethurst

  Farmer, trader and legislator.

• Gary L. McDowell

  Gary L. McDowell (1949 - 2021) was a professor emeritus at the University of Richmond. Previously, he directed the Institute of United States Studies (IUSS) and taught American studies at the University of London.

• Gary S. Becker

  Gary Becker (1930 - 2014) is one of the most original and pathbreaking economists in recent times. When he was named the 1992 Nobel Laureate in Economics, it was for “having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour.”

• Gentleman at the bar

  Pseudonym connotes a person of objective unbiased legal judgement.

• Gentleman in town

  Writer wishing to convey the judgments of one familiar with commercial and financial interests, even if no longer dependent on those interests for a living.

• Geoffrey Brennan

  Geoffrey Brennan was a Professor of Economics at the Australian National University and one of the leading figures in the Public Choice school of economics.

• Geoffrey Chaucer

  Chaucer was born in London and is often considered the father of English literature and the best English poet before Shakespeare. Chaucer spent his life at court, serving three successive English monarchs: Edward III (r. 1327-1377), Richard II (r. 1377-1399), and Henry IV (r. 1399-1413). In his official capacity Chaucer went on several diplomatic missions and in Italy was introduced to the works of Boccaccio, Dante, Petrarch, and Boethius, which influenced his own work in both form and content.

• Georg Jellinek

  Georg Jellinek (1851-1911) was a German legal historian and theorist who wrote on human and civil rights, electoral law, and the rights of minorities in the late 19th century. His history of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen shows the influence of the declarations of the individual colonies, such as Virginia, had on its formulation.

• George A. Selgin

  George A. Selgin is a Professor of Economics at the University of Georgia’s Terry College of Business. He is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is the author of The Theory of Free Banking (Rowman & Littlefield, 1988), Bank Deregulation and Monetary Order (Routledge, 1996), Less Than Zero: The Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy (The Institute of Economic Affairs, 1997), and, Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginnings of Modern Coinage (University of Michigan Press, 2008).

• George Alexander Johnston

  Johnston was a lecturer in moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow and editor of a selection of works by the "Common Sense" school of Scottish philosophy.

• George B. de Huszar

• George Baker

  Baker was the translator of the first American edition of Livy's History of Rome which appeared in 1823.

• George Bernard Shaw

  The playwright George Bernard Shaw, along with the writers and educators Sidney and Beatrice Webb, the feminist Emmeline Pankhurst, and the novelist H. G. Wells, was one of the earliest members of the Fabian Society, which was founded in England in In 1884. Its aim was to bring about a socialist society by means of intellectual debate, the publication of books and pamphlets, and the "permeation" of socialist ideas into the universities, the press, government institutions, and political parties.

• George Birkbeck Norman Hill

  Birkbeck Hill was a Fellow at Pembroke College and the editor of Boswell's Life of Johnson and Hume's Letters to Strahan.

• George Canning

  Father of the Prime Minister by the same name, George Canning Sr. was a writer and Barrister.

• George Gerald Reisman

  George Gerald Reisman (1937- ) is Professor Emeritus of Economics at Pepperdine University.

• George Grote

  George Grote (1794-1871) was an historian of ancient Greece and a member of the Philosophic Radicals in England in the first half of the 19th century. He was part of the group around David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham and James Mill who sought the reform of parliament. He was elected to the Reformed Parliament in the 1832 election. In the late 1820s he joined with JS Mill and Henry Brougham in setting up University College London.

• George H. Smith

  George H. Smith is an independent scholar and a weekly columnist at the Cato Institute’s Libertarianism.org.

• George Howell

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League. A Member of the British Parliament who wrote on labour issues for the League.

• George Johnstone

  Royal Navy officer, politician, and colonial administrator.

• George Mason

  George Mason was a member of the Federal Convention, but refused to sign the Constitution, and was a leader of the opposition to its ratification in the Virginia Convention.

• George Rawlinson

  Rawlinson was Canon of Canterbury and Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford.

• George Sale

  Sale translated the Koran into English in the early 18th century (1734).

• George Sharswood

  Sharswood was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and the editor of an American edition of Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.

• George Thomason

  George Thomason (??-1666) was a London bookseller and friend of the poet John Milton who collected 23,000 books, pamphlets and newspapers between 1641 and 1662. The Thomason Collection is an unparalleled collection which documents the political and economic struggles between Parliament and the Crown during the Civil Wars, Revolution, Protectorate, and Restoration. It is currently housed in the British Library in London.

• George Turnbull

  George Turnbull (1698-1748) was a lesser-known contemporary of Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith. He taught at Marischal College, Aberdeen, then became a traveling tutor, and ended his career as an Anglican clergyman, first as a chaplain to the Prince of Wales, then as a minister in Ireland. Turnbull was the first member of the Scottish Enlightenment to provide a formal treatise on the theory and practice of education.

• George W. Carey

  George W. Carey taught American government and American political theory at Georgetown University, where he was Professor of Government.

• George W. Pierson

• George Washington

  George Washington (1732-1799) was the military leader of the American revolutionary armies and became the first president of the United States of America.

• George Wells Knight

  Knight was a professor of history and political science at Ohio State University.

• Gerald P. O’Driscoll

  Gerald O’Driscoll is a widely quoted expert on international economic issues, including trade, finance and economic development. Formerly the director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at the Heritage Foundation, O’Driscoll was senior editor of the annual Index of Economic Freedom, co-published by Heritage and The Wall Street Journal.

• Germaine de Staël

  Madame Germaine de Staël (née Necker) (1766-1817) was the daughter of the last Controller-General of France before the Revolution and was famous for her novels, social analysis, and history writing.

• Gershom Carmichael

  Gershom Carmichael (1672-1729) was the first professor of moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow, the predecessor of Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid.

• Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette

  Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (1757-1834) was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolution.

• Gilbert-Urbain Guillaumin

  Gilbert-Urbain Guillaumin (1801-64) was a mid-19th century French classical liberal publisher who became active in liberal politics during the July Monarchy and made contact with a number of free market economists. Guillaumin helped found the Journal des économistes in 1841 and the following year the Société d’économie politique which became the main organization which brought like-minded classical liberals together for discussion and debate. One of his most lasting contributions to French political economy was his editing and publishing of the monumental Dictionnaire de l’Économie Politique (1852).

• Gilgamesh

  Gilgamesh may have been an actual king of early Sumeria, but his deeds have been cast in such heroic proportions that some argue that he is simply a mythic figure. Nevertheless, certain corroborating references from the early third millennium B.C. seem to confirm his existence. The Sumerian stories about Gilgamesh and the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh are the oldest recorded stories in human history.

• Giovanni Montemartini

  Montemartini was professor of political economy at the University of Padova. He was a supporter of the marginal school of economic thought. He is best remembered for being a precursor to the modern Public Choice school as represented by James Buchanan.

• Girolamo Savonarola

  Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) is best known for his attempt to reform Renaissance Florence society and the Catholic church from the vices of modern life as he knew them.

• Giuseppe Verdi

  Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) is one of the most important opera composers. His liberal political views and his strong Italian nationalism colored many of his works.

• Goldwin Smith

  Smith was a professor of history at Oxford University and a member of Cobden and Bright’s free trade group in the lat 19th century.

• Gordon Tullock

  Gordon Tullock (1922-2014) and his 1962 coauthor, Nobel laureate James M. Buchanan, are widely recognized as co-founders of public choice, a field that systematically applies the rational choice approach of economics to the analysis of political markets.

• Gouverneur Morris

  Morris was a lawyer and diplomat during the American Revolution and early years of the Republic. He was supporter of a strong, centralized government which would be dominated by those well-born. He served as Minster to France 1792-94 and the diaries he kept of this period are a useful historical record of the time.

• Gr-n-da Proprietor

  A thinly veiled reference to the island of Grenada. Such spellings were often used to add a further level of deniability against possible legal prosecution.

• Granville Sharp

  Writer, Scholar and Reformer.

• Grenada Planter

  The writer has assumed a synonym to show familiarity with colonial conditions of the West Indies, and most particularly the Island of Grenada.

• Gustave de Beaumont

  Gustave de Beaumont (1802-1866) was Tocqueville’s companion on his famous trip to America in 1831 in order to observe the American prison system.

• Gustave de Molinari

  Gustave de Molinari was born in Liège on March 3, 1819 and died in Adinkerque on January 28, 1912. He was the leading representative of the laissez-faire school of classical liberalism in France in the second half of the 19 th century and was still campaigning against protectionism, statism, militarism, colonialism, and socialism into his 90s on the eve of the First World War.

• Gustavo R. Velasco

  Gustavo Velasco was professor at Escuela Librre de Derecho and Trustee of the University of the Americas.

• H.B. Acton

  H.B. Acton (1908-1974) taught at Bedford College (London), the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Chicago; was editor of <i>Philosophy</i>, the influential journal of the British Royal Institute of Philosophy; and wrote, among other books, <i>The Morals of Markets</i> (1971; Liberty Fund, 1993) and <i>The Philosophy of Language in Revolutionary France</i> (1959).

• H.S. Hall

  Hall was a scholar of Christ’s College, Cambridge and the editor of Euclid’s Elements.

• Hammurabi

  King Hammurabi ruled Babylon from 1792-1750 B.C. Towards the end of his reign his legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a diorite stele set up in Babylon’s Temple of Marduk. The Code of Hammurabi is the most complete and perfect extant collection of Babylonian laws and is the most complete record of ancient law in existence.

• Hans Holbein

  Hans Holbein was a German artist active during the Renaissance and early Reformation. One of his many areas of expertise was in woodcuts used to illustrate books like Erasmus’s In Praise of Folly (1511).

• Harald Westergaard

  Westergaard was Professor of Political Science at the Uiversity of Copenhagen.

• Harold E. Batson

  Batson translated Mises' Theory of Money and Credit.

• Harriet A. Jevons

  The wife of William Stanley Jevons who edited his posthumous papers and letters.

• Harriet Franc Baker

  Harriet Baker translated Yves Guyot's book on public ownership.

• Harriet Martineau

  Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) was unusual for being a professional full-time writer at a time when few women were able to pursue such a career. She was a translator, novelist, speech writer, and journalist who wrote a popular defence of the free market, pioneering travel writing about a trip to America, and on the woman question.

• Harriet Taylor

  Harriet Taylor was the long-time companion and eventually the wife of John Stuart Mill. She had a great influence on his thinking about the situation of women in Victorian Britain and co-wrote some articles with him. She also wrote a number of works on her own such as The Enfranchisement of Women (1851).

• Harry G. Brown

  Brown was an instructor in political economy at Yale University and assisted Fisher in writing his book The Purchasing Power of Money.

• Harry Kurz

  Kurz wrote on Spanish drama and translated La Boetie's Discourse of Voluntary Servitude.

• Harry Victor Jaffa

  Harry Jaffa was a leading political philosopher and among the most influential scholars on Abraham Lincoln. His classic <em>Crisis of the House Divided</em> is a study of the Lincoln-Douglas debates that examines closely Lincoln’s defense of the principles of the American Founding and Union.

• Harry Zohn

  Zohn translated Burckhardt's Judgments on History and Historians.

• Hartmut Kliemt

  Hartmut Kliemt is a philosopher economist working on foundational issues of rational choice and game theory as well as applied ethics and economics topics like the economics and ethics of organ allocation, rationing in medicine and business ethics. He has published about 100 articles in refereed journals and (co-)edited the collected works of James M. Buchanan and of Anthony de Jasay for Liberty Fund.

• Heinrich Rommen

  Heinrich Rommen was a Catholic German lawyer who practised in Germany during the Weimar Republic before fleeing to the United States in 1938. He taught in Germany and England before concluding his distinguished scholarly career at Georgetown University.

• Helmut Schoeck

  Helmut Schoeck was a German sociologist and philosopher best known for his work on envy and its impact on society.His most influential book, Envy: A Theory of Social Behaviour (1966), argues that envy is a powerful but often destructive force that shapes social structures, economic policies, and cultural attitudes. Schoeck warned that societies that attempt to eliminate inequality through state intervention often foster resentment rather than progress. His work remains relevant in discussions on capitalism, social justice, and economic development.

• Henry A. Homes

  Homes was a librarian with the State Library in Albany, New York.

• Henry Adams

  A member of the prominent American political family, Henry was a professional historian who taught at Harvard and was a president of the Amercan Historical Association. He was a pioneer in the early development of modern American historical scholarship. Whilst in England he came under the influence of the ideas of John Stuart Mill.

• Henry Beveridge

  Beveridge translated and edited works by Calvin.

• Henry C. Clark

  Henry C. Clark has been a visiting professor in the Political Economy Project at Dartmouth College since 2014. Before then, he taught at Canisius College (where he became professor of history), Norwich University, Lawrence University, Tulane University, and Clemson University.

• Henry Cabot Lodge

  Lodge represented Massachussetts in the House of Representaives and the Senate and wrote biographies of various founding fathers and edited their works.

• Henry Charles Beeching

  Beeching was a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and Clark Lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge.

• Henry Clay

  Clay was a founder of the Whig Party, a defender of Hamilton's "American System" of government subsidies, tariffs, and state-funded internal improvements.

• Henry Cust

  Cust was a Member of Parliament and editor of the writings of Machiavelli.

• Henry Dunning MacLeod

  MacLeod was a Scottish economist who wrote general treatises on economics and on banking. He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and a corresponding member of the Société d'économie politique of Paris.

• Henry Elliot Malden

  Malden was a Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge and the Honorary Secretary of the Royal Historical Society.

• Henry Gaylord Wilshire

  An America sociaist writer who edited the American edition of G. Bernard Shaw’s Fabian Essays in Socialism.

• Henry George

  A prolific author who was a strong defender of free trade and an advocate of the idea of a single tax on land. George believed that a single tax on land would be sufficient to fund government activities. It would be based upon the unimproved value of the land.

• Henry Goodricke

  Supporter of Lord North and later Member of Parliament.

• Henry Hazlitt

  Hazlitt was a well-known journalist who wrote on economic affairs for the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and Newsweek among many. He is perhaps best known as the author of the classic Economics in One Lesson (1946).

• Henry Higgs

  Higgs was an English economist who wrote on the history of economic thought (he rediscovered the importance of Richard Cantillon) and was the editor of Palgrave’s Dictionary of Political Economy.

• Henry Home, Lord Kames

  Henry Home, Lord Kames, one of the leaders of the Scottish Enlightenment, was a judge in the supreme courts of Scotland and wrote extensively on morals, religion, education, aesthetics, history, political economy, and law, including natural law. His most distinctive contribution came through his works on the nature of law, where he sought to combine a philosophical approach with an empirical history of legal evolution.

• Henry Ireton

  Henry Ireton (1611-1651) was a leading theorist of the New Model Army and rose to the rank of general under Oliver Cromwell. He drafted a number of manifestos for the New Model Army in 1647 and was an active participant in the Putney Debates. He began by arguing for a constitutional monarchy but when the King proved uncooperative he supported the execution of the king and the supremacy of Parliament. He succeeded Cromwell as commander in chief in Ireland where he died.

• Henry Manne

  Henry Manne was one of the early proponents of the study of law and economics. He founded the Center for Law and Economics, now at George Mason University.

• Henry Neville

  Neville was a supporter of the English Revolution until his oppisition to Cromwell led to his arrest for treason. He translated the writings of Machivelli in the late 17th century.

• Henry P. Johnston

  Henry P. Johnston (1842-1923) was a professor of history in the College of the City of New York. he was a prolific author on the history of American Revolution, especially its military aspects.

• Henry Parker

  Henry Parker (1604-1652) was trained as a lawyer and became one of the leading pamphleteers on the side of Parliament during the Civil War. He favoured the idea of popular consent as the foundation of political sovereignty, a bicameral parliament, and strict limits on the power of the King.

• Henry Stebbing

  Preacher and Chaplain in Ordinary to King George III.

• Henry Thornton

  Thornton was a merchant banker and founder of the Clapham Sect of evangelical reformers which included William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and Zacharay Macaulay.

• Henry W. Boynton

  Boynton edited many collections of English and American literature including Bret Harte, James Fenimore Cooper, John Milton, Alexander Pope, Tennyson, and Washington Irving.

• Henry Wace

  Wace wrote on early Church history, the Reformation, and war and religion (during the First World War). He was President of St. Paul’s, preacher of Lincoln’s Inn, Principal of King’s College, London, and Chaplain to the Archibishop of Canterbury.

• Henry Wright

  Wright translated Richter's Pictures of the Socialistic Future.

• Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher

  One of the best known English historians who wrote in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Herbert B. Workman

  Workman was the Principal of Westminster Training College and wrote on the history of the Reformation.

• Herbert Spencer

  Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was one of the leading 19th century English radical individualists. He began working as a journalist for the laissez-faire magazine <i>The Economist</i> in the 1850s. Much of the rest of his life was spent working on an all-encompassing theory of human development based upon the ideas of individualism, utilitarian moral theory, social and biological evolution, limited government, and laissez-faire economics.

• Herbert W. Paul

  Paul was an historian and biographer of William Gladstone and Matthew Arnold.

• Hercules Langrishe

  Hercules Langrishe was a lifelong friend of Edmund Burke and wrote about American independence and local self-government.

• Herman Belz

  Herman Belz is Professor of History at the University of Maryland, and the author most recently of A Living Constitution or Fundamental Law?: American Constitutionalism in Historical Perspective and Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights During the Civil War Era.

• Herodotus

  A Greek historian who wrote on the Graeco-Persian wars of 490 and 480-79 BC. Regarded as the father of history.

• Hesiod

  The early Greek poet Hesiod is credited with the invention of didactic poetry around 700 B.C. His surviving works are the <em>Theogony</em>, relating to the stories of the gods, and the <em>Works and Days</em>, relating to peasant life. Hesiod’s poetry includes passages critical of those <em>aristoi</em> who support themselves on the labors of others rather than through their own exertions.

• Hildebrand Oaktree

  Hildebrand Oaktree is a pseudonym to convey a sense of working or yeoman class virtues, with sturdy martial discipline and bravery in the face of adversity.

• Hippocrates

  Hippocrates is traditionally regarded as the father of medicine. The famous Hippocratic Oath was inspired by later admirers of Hippocrates and was not, apparently, his own work.

• Hippolyte Taine

  Hippolyte Taine (1828-1893) was a historian and philosopher who was one of the primary figures in French Positivism.

• Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen

  Boyesen wrote on Norse and German literature.

• Hodgson Pratt

  Pratt was one of the editors of the English translation of Molinari's The Society of Tomorrow.

• Homer

  Homer was an ancient Greek poet who is credited with authoring the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>. Very little is known about his personal life.

• Hosea

  Hosea, a minor prophet, wrote the first of the twelve prophetic books of the Old Testament. He preached in the kingdom of Israel about the same time as Amos, although perhaps for a bit longer; apparently he was active from 786 B.C. to as late as 721 B.C.

• Hugh Baillie

  Controversial radical Whig and Member of the Irish Court of Admiralty.

• Hugh MacCallum

  MacCallum is professor emeritus of English at University College, University of Toronto, where he has taught since 1959.

• Hugh Trevor-Roper

  Hugh Trevor-Roper, Lord Dacre (1914-2003), was Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford.

• Hugo Grotius

  Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was a Dutch scholar and jurist whose legal masterpiece, <i>De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the law of war and peace)</i> (1625), contributed significantly to the formation of international law as a distinct discipline. In addition to that work, Grotius wrote a number of literary pieces of lasting merit, including <i>Sacra</i> (a collection of Latin poems) and the drama <i>Christus Patiens</i>. Like Erasmus, Grotius sought to end the religious schism and urged the papacy to reconcile with the Protestant faiths.

• Huldrych Zwingli

  Huldrych Zwingli was a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. Unlike Martin Luther’s movement, however, Zwingli’s efforts did not result in the formation of a distinct church. Zwingli soon became a strong proponent of Renaissance humanism and took up an important correspondence with Erasmus. Among the practices he criticized were fasting, the selling of indulgences, and clerical celibacy.

• Ian Hunter

  Ian Hunter is Australian Professorial Fellow in the Centre for the History of European Discourses, University of Queensland.

• Immanuel Kant

  Kant was a German philosopher who taught for many years at the University of Koenigsberg. He made pivotal contributions to the study of ethics and epistemology and was a leading figure in the German Enlightenment.

• Irving Fisher

  Irving Fisher was one of America’s greatest mathematical economists and one of the clearest economics writers of all time.

• Isaiah

  Isaiah was a contemporary of the prophet Amos. Like Amos, he prophesied that Israel was doomed because of the sins of her people. The two prophets differed only to the extent that Amos preached mainly to the northern kingdom, whereas Isaiah included the kingdom of Judah in his visions and preaching as well.

• Israel M. Kirzner

  Israel Kirzner (b. 1930) is among the foremost scholars in the Austrian School of economic thought. He studied at the University of Cape Town, the University of London, and received his PhD studying under Ludwig von Mises at New York University where he taught for many years. One of his major areas of research concerns the role of entrepreneurship in economic activity.

• Israel Mauduit

  Brother of Jasper Mauduit, Israel Mauduit was a prominent London based merchant and occasional colonial agent.

• Izaak Walton

  Walton was the author of the popular <i>The Compleat Angler</i> and wrote a lengthy introduction to the Works of Richard Hooker.

• J Jackson Barlow

  J Jackson Barlow is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Politics and the Director, Program in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Juniata College, in Huntington, Pennsylvania.

• J Kahane

  Kahane translated Mises' book Socialism into English.

• J Laurence Laughlin

  Laughlin was head of the University of Chicago Economics Department, founder of its Graduate School of Business, and founder of the <i>Journal of Political Economy.</i> Laughlin brought his interest in monetary systems and the practical workings of free markets to general academic attention in the United States. He brought Thorstein Veblen to the University of Chicago.

• J. M. of the Inner Temple

  Due to the initials, “J.M. of the Inner-Temple,” some library catalogues have suggested Jasper Mauduit as the author behind this pseudonym. Mauduit had been the colonial agent in London for the colony of Massachusetts until his dismissal in 1765, but there is no direct evidence for the attribution, and Mauduit was not a member of the Inner Temple.

• J.H. Bernard

  Bernard was Bishop of Ossory, a Fellow of Trinity College, and Archbishop King's Professor of Divinity in the University of Dublin.

• J.W. Semple

  Semple was an advocate and translator of Kant.

• Jack P. Greene

  Jack P. Greene is Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities, Emeritus, Johns Hopkins University, where he was a member of the Department of History for thirty-nine years.

• Jack Stillinger

  Jack Stillinger was Professor of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

• Jacob Burckhardt

  Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897) was a Swiss liberal historian who wrote on Renaissance culture and art, the growth of the power of the modern nation state, and the importance of the self-governing, autonomous city-states of Florence and Athens.

• Jacob Harry Hollander

  An American economist who was a Professor of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University and wrote on the history of economic thought.

• Jacob T. Levy

  Jacob T. Levy is Tomlinson Professor of Political Theory, professor of political science, associated faculty in the department of philosophy, and coordinator of the Research Group on Constitutional Studies at McGill University.

• Jacob Viner

  Jacob Viner was an economist who wrote on international trade, tariff policy, commercial treaties, the role of the U.S. international trade, and the history of economic thought. Viner was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1916-17 and from 1919-1946. He then went to Princeton and retired from there in 1960. While at Chicago he edited the Journal of Political Economy with Frank Knight.

• Jacques Barzun

  Jacques Barzun was a French-born cultural historian who taught for many years at Columbia University. He also wrote widely on liberal education.

• Jacques de Guenin

  Jacques de Guenin was president of the Cercle Frédéric Bastiat which he founded in 1990. He was a graduate of the École des Mines in Paris, held a Master of Sciences from the University of California, Berkeley, and served as an executive in two multinational corporations. He authored Logiques du Libéralisme.

• Jacques Maritain

  Jacques Maritain (1882–1973) was a French political thinker and philosopher and is widely recognized as one of the most influential interpreters of Thomistic thought to modern culture.

• Jacques Necker

  Jacques Necker was a Swiss banker and statesman who served as finance minister for Louis XVI.

• Jacques Rueff

  Jacques Rueff was a French economist, statesman of finance, and outspoken defender of the gold standard.

• James A. Harris

  James Harris is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and the author of Of Liberty and Necessity: the Free Will Debate in Eighteenth-century British Philosophy (OUP, 2005).

• James Anderson

  Political economist, agriculturalist, lawyer, and scientist.

• James Beattie

  Beattie was professor of moral philosophy at the University of Aderdeen and a member of the Scottish School of Common Sense philosophy.

• James Brown Scott

  Scott was the Director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Law.

• James Clarke Holt

  Until his retirement in 1988, Holt was Professor of Medieval History and Master of Fitzwilliam College in Cambridge University. He served as President of the Royal Historical Society, and he was a Fellow of the British Academy and a Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America.

• James E. Thorold Rogers

  Rogers was a member of parliament, a writer of popular economics, and an editor of the Speeches of Richard Cobden.

• James Fitzjames Stephen

  James Fitzjames Stephen was an English Victorian lawyer, journalist and political philosopher who challenged John Stuart Mill’s conception of liberty in favor of a more &#34;ordered liberty&#34;.

• James Gough

  Obscure poet with considerable knowledge of the history of England and the lore concerning ancient Saxon liberties.

• James Harrington

  James Harrington (1611-1677) was a leading English Republican political theorist of the 17th century. His views on voting by ballot and the rotation of office were considered radical in his day. Harrington's work was influential in the 18th century as Jefferson and the Founding Fathers found in his writings on an independent gentry and the right to bear arms a useful antidote to the claims of the British monarchy.

• James Herbert Strawley

  Strawley wrote on church history.

• James Iredell

  James Iredell was a member of the first North Carolina Convention.

• James Legge

  James Legge translated Chinese books into English, including many works by Confucius.

• James M. Beck

  Beck wrote the Introduction to Zane's The Story of Law.

• James M. Buchanan

  In 1986, James M. Buchanan (1919-2013) was awarded the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Universally respected as one of the founders of the “public choice” school of economics, he authored numerous books and hundreds of articles in the areas of public finance, public choice, constitutional economics and economic philosophy.

• James Madison

  James Madison (1751-1836) was a member of the Virginia legislature in 1776-80 and 1784-86, of the Continental Congress in 1780-83, and of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, where he earned the title “father of the U. S. Constitution.”

• James McClellan

  Prior to his appointment in 1999 as James Bryce Visiting Fellow in American Studies at the Institute of United States Studies of the University of London, James McClellan was Senior Resident Scholar at Liberty Fund, Inc. He held a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law.

• James McPherson

  James McPherson was among a set of able writers employed by the British government to defend its policies over the colonies.

• James Mill

  James Mill (1773-1836) was an early 19th century Philosophic Radical, journalist, and editor from Scotland. He was very influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideas about utilitarianism which he applied to the study of British India, political economy, and electoral reform.

• James Moor

  Moor was the university librarian at the University of Glasgow and later a Professor of Greek at that institution.

• James Moore

  James Moore is professor of political science at Concordia University in Montreal and is one of the leading scholars of the Scottish Enlightenment.

• James Ogden

  Poet.

• James Otis

  James Otis (1725–83) was a lawyer in Massachusetts and a member of the Massachusetts Legislature. In the mid-1760s he wrote a number of important pamphlets in favor of American independence and is said to have coined the revolutionary phrase "no taxation without representation".

• James Stewart

  Writer on political economy.

• James T. Schleifer

  James T. Schleifer is emeritus Dean of the Library and Professor of History at the College of New Rochelle and has been a visiting lecturer at Yale University. He is the author of The Making of Tocqueville's "Democracy in America".

• James Tyrrell

  Tyrrell was a Commonwealthman and a friend of John Locke and Richard Cumberland, and a popularizer of their ideas. He is best known for his critique of Filmer’s book on patriarchy and his dialogue Bibliotheca Politica between the Tory, Meanwell, and the Whig, Freeman.

• James Wilson

  James Wilson (1742-1798) signed the Declaration of Independence and was twice elected to the Continental Congress. He played a leading role in the drafting of the US Constitution and eventually became one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington to the United States Supreme Court.

• Jan Huss

  Jan Huss, born in the city of Husinec in Bohemia in 1372, was perhaps the most important Czech religious reformer of the early fifteenth century. Huss was heavily influenced by the work of John Wycliffe (1330-1384), and Huss’s beliefs would find expression in the Lutheran Reformation more than a century after his death. His active participation in the politics of the Great Schism (1378-1417) contributed to his demise. He was burned at the stake in Constance, Germany, in 1415.

• Jane Haldimand Marcet

  Jane Haldimand Marcet (1769-1858) was home-educated and became an author of popular works of chemistry, botany, religion, and economics. Her works on economics (sometimes anonymously published to pass as works by male authors) elucidated with a satirical, light-hearted, popular touch matters addressed more abstrusely by Smith, Ricardo, Mill, Malthus, and other economists of her day.

• Janus (Anonymous)

  It is likely that the pseudonym was selected because of Janus’ role as the god of beginnings, choices, doorways, and moments of transition.

• Jasper Mauduit

  Jasper Mauduit succeeded William Bollan as the official agent of Massachusetts in 1762.

• Jean Barbeyrac

  Jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744) was a Huguenot refugee from religious persecution in France. He taught in Germany, Switzerland, and Holland and became one of the most important disseminators of Protestant natural law as well as an important rights-theorist. His translations of Pufendorf and Grotius, along with his copious notes and commentaries, were an important addition to natural law theory.

• Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi

  Sismondi was an economist, historian, and associate of Madame de Stael. Although he believed in free trade he was not a defender of pure laissez-faire principles. In his historical writings he focussed on the Italian city states of the middle ages. [The image comes from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University."]

• Jean Le Rond d’ Alembert

  Jean Le Rond d’Alembert was born illegitimately to the salon hostess Madame de Tencin and the military officer Chevalier Destouches. D’Alembert had a brilliant mathematical mind and became a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1742 at the age of twenty-four.

• Jean Louis De Lolme

  Jean Louis De Lolme (1741-1806) was born in Geneva and became an advocate there. Criticism of the political authorities led him to seek refuge in England, where he lived as an author and journalist. Toward the end of his life he returned to Geneva and was elected to the Council of Two Hundred.

• Jean-Baptiste Say

  Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) was the leading French political economist in the first third of the 19th century. His major theoretical work was the Traité d’économie politique (1803) which went through many editions, revisions, and translations during his lifetime. It was very influential in the U.S. during the 19thC.

• Jean-Claude Paul-Dejean

  Jean-Claude Paul-Dejean is a historian from the University of Bordeaux and a Bastiat scholar.

• Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui

  Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1694-1748) was born in Geneva to a wealthy and politically well-connected patrician family. He became professor of natural law at the Academy of Geneva and popularized the ideas of Pufendorf by writing and teaching in French rather than Latin.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a Swiss philosopher and novelist who was an important figure in the Enlightenment. In his novels and discourses he claimed that civilization had weakened the natural liberty of mankind and that a truly free society would be the expression of the “general will” of all members of that society. He influenced later thinkers on both ends of the political spectrum.

• Jeanne Marie Roland de la Platière

  Madame de Roland (1754-1793) was a supporter of the French Revolution and active in the liberal Gironde group. She was arrested and executed for her views during the Terror.

• Jeffrey Paul

  Jeffrey Paul is a Professor of Philosophy at Bowling Green State University.

• Jeffrey Wallin

  Wallin is president of the American Academy for Liberal Education in Washington, DC. A former division director at the National Endowment for the Humanities and program director at the Robert M. Hutchins Center for the Study of Democracy, he has taught at the University of Dallas and the University of California, Santa Barbara.

• Jeremiah

  We know more about Jeremiah than we know about other biblical prophets. Significant portions of the Book of Jeremiah refer directly to the sensitive political situation of Judah in the late seventh and early sixth centuries B.C. Like the other prophets, Jeremiah abhorred the sin and idolatry prevalent in the Judah of his day. Also like them, he predicted ruin for the kingdom and, more immediately, the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem if the people did not change their ways.

• Jeremy Bentham

  Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) trained as a lawyer and founded the early 19th century school of political thought known as “Benthamism” later called utilitarianism - based on the idea that governments should act so as to promote “the greatest good of the greatest number” of people.

• Jeremy Jennings

  Jeremy Jennings is Professor of Political Theory in the School of Politics and Economics at King's College London.

• Jerry L. Jordan

  Jerry L. Jordan wrote his doctoral dissertation under the direction of Armen Alchian. He was Dean of the School of Management at the University of New Mexico, a member of President Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisors and of the U.S. Gold Commission, Director of Research of the Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis, and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

• Jesus Christ

  Jesus of Nazareth is the name of the prophet believed by his followers to be the Son of God and the Messiah whose coming was prophesied in the Judaic tradition. His date of birth was originally put in the year 754 of the Roman calendar (or 0 B.C.), but the most recent analyses place the date before that—at least 3 B.C. and perhaps as early as 6 B.C. His crucifixion took place sometime between A.D. 29 and 33.

• Job

  Job is the central character in an ancient story written down as the Book of Job in either the fifth or sixth century B.C.

• Jodocus Crull

  Jodocus Crull (1660-1713) was a German émigré to England, a medical man, and a translator and writer.

• Johann Georg Fischer

  Fischer edited an attractive illustrated edition of Schiller's works in English.

• Johann Gottlieb Heineccius

  Johann Gottlieb Heineccius (1681–1741) studied theology at Leipzig and later law at the newly founded (1694) University at Halle, where he became a pupil of Christian Thomasius. He became known for his textbooks on Roman Law and for his lectures on natural law.

• Johann Sebastian Bach

  Bach was one of the most prolific and original composers in the Western classical tradition. His cantatas, passions and oratorios played an important part in Lutheran church music.

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

  Goethe is often ranked with Shakespeare and Dante as one of the three most important poets in history. He spent the most important part of his life in Weimar and served the duchy in many official capacities. Although his interests ranged from biology to the theory of color, it is his literature, with its powerful presentation of human freedom and the search for meaning in life, that has been of enduring value.

• Johannes Althusius

  Johannes Althusius was a German political and legal philosopher whose ideal commonwealth was a harmonious ordering of natural associations, beginning with the family and moving up through local and regional associations. He is an early theorist of the idea of federalism.

• John A. Hobson

  John A. Hobson (1858-1940) was an historian and economic journalist who was one of the so-called “New Liberals” who emerged at the end of the 19th century. The New Liberals advocated much greater state intervention in the economy than the classical liberals had done.

• John Adams

  John Adams (1735-1826) was one of the principal framers of the American republic and the successor to Washington as president. Before the Revolution he wrote some of the most important documents on the nature of the British Constitution and the meaning of rights, sovereignty, representation, and obligation. And it was Adams who, once the colonies had declared independence, wrote equally important works on possible forms of government in a quest to develop a science of politics for the construction of a constitution for the proposed republic.

• John Bagnell Bury

  Bury was an historian of the Roman Empire who planned the Cambridge Ancient History series and wrote histories of the idea of progress, free thought, and edited Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

• John Bates Clark

  John Bates Clark, American economist, was the first to develop marginal productivity theory, using it to explore the distribution of income between returns to labor and capital in a market economy. His work influenced other economists, including Frank Knight. He taught at Columbia University. The prestigious John Bates Clark award is given every other year to an economist under age 40, in his honor. [The image comes from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University."]

• John Bigelow

  John Bigelow (1817-1911) was a New York lawyer, politician, and editor of the New York Evening Post. He was a strong supporter of the anti-slavery movement and was appointed by President Lincoln as Chargé d'affaires in Paris where he was instrumental in working to keep France from joining the South during the Civil War. He later helped found the New York Public Library.

• John Blundell

  John Blundell was the Director General of the Institute for Economic Affairs in London and a director of the Atlas Economic Research Foundation (UK).

• John Bowring

  Bowring was a contributor to the Westminster Review, a supporter of free trade and parliamentary reform, a member of parliament (1835), the executor of Jeremy Bentham's estate and editor of his collected works, British Consul to Canton (1849) and then Governor of Hong Kong (1854).

• John Bright

  John Bright (1811-1889) was a Quaker and a Member of Parliament who was active with Richard Cobden in opposing the Corn Laws and the war against Russia in the Crimea.

• John Brown

  John Brown studied at Cambridge and took orders shortly thereafter. He defended the Whig cause both in the battle of Carlisle in 1745 and in published sermons, was made chaplain to the dean of York in 1747, and wrote an essay in 1751 on Shaftesbury’s Characteristics.

• John C. Cairns

  John Cairns was Professor of History at the University of Toronto.

• John C. Calhoun

  Calhoun is one of the most important American politicians and political theorists in the first half of the 19th century. He served as a member of the House of Representatives, Secretary of War, Vice-President, and Senator. In his writings he was concerned with states rights, tariff policy, limits to federal power and majority rule, and slavery.

• John Caldwell

  John Caldwell is retired from Augustana College, where he was Director of the Library and Professor of History. Himself a native of western Pennsylvania, Professor Caldwell is the author of George R. Stewart (1981) and William Findley from West of the Mountains: A Politician in Pennsylvania, 1783–1791 (2000).

• John Calvin

  John Calvin (1509-1564) was one of the most important Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century. A theologian and ecclesiastical statesman, he wrote one of the most influential books of Protestantism, <i>The Institutes of the Christian Religion</i>. The ideas advanced in this work became the basis for the church and state Calvin would create in Geneva.

• John Cartwright

  Major John Cartwright claimed authorship of the letters entitled “American Independence The Interest and Glory of Great Britain” in a letter to Edmund Burke and distributed them before the doors of Parliament in April of 1774. He had been commander of the cutter, HMS Sherborne, pursuing smugglers off the coast of Devon, but during the conflict with the colonies, refused a commission by the Duke of Cumberland on the grounds that the Americans were claiming their just natural rights.

• John Cecil Cadoux

  Cadoux was an historian of the early Christian church.

• John Dalrymple Stair

  Soldier, advocate of the Scottish bar, MP and later succeeded to a Lordship.

• John Day

  Merchant, military provisioner and legislator from Nova Scotia.

• John Dickinson

  John Dickinson was a successful Philadelphia lawyer who agitated against the Stamp Act and for the independence of the colonies on the eve of the Revolution.

• John Dryden

  Dryden was an influential English poet, translator and dramatist who lived during the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy.

• John Durand

  Durand was a contemporry of Hyppolyte Taine and the translator of several of his works into English.

• John Elliot Cairnes

  John Elliot Cairnes (1823-1875), Irish economist, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Oxford, was a follower of Ricardo and Mill. His work clarified the principles, logical, and scientific methods behind their thought.

• John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton

  Lord Acton (1834-1902) was one of the great historians of the Victorian period and one of the greatest classical liberal historians of all time. His theme was “the history of liberty” and even though he was never able to complete his magnum opus of that name he did write numerous essays, book reviews, and lectures. He also was the inspiration behind the multi-volume <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>.

• John Erskine

  Prominent Presbyterian Theologian

• John Fothergill

  John Fothergill was a prominent Quaker and Physician who wrote the earliest known instruction for mouth to mouth resuscitation.

• John Gray

  Historian Thomas Adams associated this name with the person of John Grey who lived from 1724 to 1777 and was a Member of Parliament from Bridgnorth and Clerk of the Green Cloth, a position charged with assisting in the administration of the Royal Household.

• John Hall Stevenson

  Country gentleman of inherited means and a writer.

• John Hope

  Merchant, Member of Parliament, and Writer.

• John Hospers

  John Hospers was Professor Emeritus in Philosophy at the University of Southern California and author of such important philosophical texts as: <em>Meaning and Truth in the Arts,</em> <em>Human Conduct,</em> and <em>An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis.</em>

• John Jay

  John Jay (1745-1829) was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774 through 1779 and its president in 1778-79, drafter of New York’s first constitution in 1777, chief justice of the New York supreme court from 1777 to 1778, U. S. minister to Spain in 1779, a member of the commission to negotiate peace with Great Britain in Paris in 1787, U. S. secretary of foreign affairs from 1784 to 1789, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1795, and governor of New York from 1795 to 1801.

• John Joseph Lalor

  Lalor is best known as the editor of the mammoth three volume cyclopedia of economics and political science which he published in the late 19th century. He also wrote his own primer of political economy and translated works on musical biography, law, and economics from the German; most notably Roscher’s <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> and Ihering’s <i>The Struggle for Law.</i> See the table of contents of Lalor's Cyclopedia here.

• John Keble

  Keble was one of the leaders of the Oxford movement, held the Chair of Poetry at Oxford University, and had Keble College, Oxford named after him.

• John Kells Ingram

  Ingram was a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin and the author of the standard 19th century history of political economy.

• John Kilcullen

  Kilcullen is Senior Research Fellow, Humanities, at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia.

• John Lackland (King John)

  King John (1166-1216), also known as John Lackland, was King of England between 1199 and his death in 1216. Under his reign he was forced by his barons to sign a "charter of liberties" known as Magna Carta in 1215 which became a foundation stone of Anglo-American law in subsequent centuries.

• John Lilburne

  John Lilburne (1615-1657) was a leader in the Leveller movement of the 1640s. A prolific pamphleteer, he was imprisoned several times for his religious views and became an ardent defender of religious liberty. He was active in the army of parliament and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. His more important works include England’s Birthright Justified (1645), England’s New Chains Discovered (1649), The Hunting of the Foxes (1649).

• John Lind

  A lawyer who opposed the American colonial cause and wrote several pamphlets on the American Question.

• John Lobb

  John Lobb edited and published the English editions of Frederick Douglass's autobiography and Hariett Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

• John Locke

  John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher who is considered to be one of the first philosophers of the Enlightenment and the father of classical liberalism. In his major work Two Treatises of Government Locke rejects the idea of the divine right of kings, supports the idea of natural rights (especially of property), and argues for a limited constitutional government which would protect individual rights.

• John M. Clayton

  John M. Clayton was born in Delaware in 1796 and was educated at Yale College and the Litchfield Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1819. He was elected as a Federalist to the Delaware House of Representatives in 1824, and served as secretary of state of Delaware from 1826 to 1828.

• John M. Robson

  Robson was a professor of English at the University of Toronto and was the chief editor of the monumental University of toronto edition of the complete works of John Stuart Mill.

• John Mackinnon Robertson

  Robertson was a prolific author and Liberal Member of Parliament for Tyneside 1906-1918. He wrote on free thought, Shakspeare, free trade, and was an advocate for peace.

• John Marshall

  John Marshall was the Third Chief Justice of the United States and was chosen by George Washington’s executor to write an authorized biography of him.

• John Maxcy Zane

  John Zane was a leading lawyer in Utah and Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote on the the law of banking, Roman law, Lincoln’s constitutional theory, and a history of the growth and development of the law from ancient times to the present.

• John Maxwell

  Maxwell was prebendary of Connor and chaplain to Lord Carteret, then lord lieutenant of Ireland. He is best known as the translator and editor of Richard Cumberlan’s <i>Treatise of the Laws of Nature</i> (1727), to which he added several essays and appendices of his own.

• John Maynard Keynes

  Keynes studied mathematics and economics (under Marshall and Pigou) at King’s College, Cambridge before going to work in the British Civil Service where he became a expert on India’s monetary system.

• John Millar

  Millar attended the University of Glasgow where he heard Adam Smith lecture. He became an advocate in 1760, and in 1761 he accepted the Regius Chair of civil law at Glasgow. During his career Millar enjoyed the patronage and friendship of Smith, Lord Kames, and David Hume and influenced James Mill and his son J.S. Mill.

• John Milton

  John Milton (1608-1674) ranks among the greatest poets of the English language. He is best known for the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), but he also wrote prose works on history, religion, and contemporary politics.

• John Milton Gitterman

  Gitterman was a member of the New York County Bar and the translator of Oppenheimer's The State.

• John Moir

  Deacon, Anglican clergyman and writer of poetry and prose.

• John Morley

  John Morley was a prominent classical liberal in late-Victorian England. He was influenced by the liberalism of John Stuart Mill, edited the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, wrote biographies of the free trader Richard Cobden, and was a cabinet minister under four Liberal governments.

• John Neville Figgis

  John Neville Figgis was a colleague of Lord Acton who edited several books by Acton after his death. Figgis also wrote several books on the history of early modern political thought.

• John Owen

  Owen was the Vicar of Thrussington, Leicestershire and a translator of many works of John Calvin.

• John P. Foley

  Foley edited the massive Jeffersonian Cyclopedia which is a 1,000 page alphabetical compilation of the thoughts of Thomas Jefferson. The entries are taken from the 12 volume collection of his works edited by Paul Leicester Ford.

• John P. Townsend

  Townsend was president of the Bowery Savings Bank of New York.

• John Passmore

  John Passmore served for many years as a Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University in Canberra.

• John Phillip Reid

  Reid is Professor of Legal History at the New York University School of Law. He has held fellowships with the Guggenheim Foundation and the Huntington Library.

• John Quincy Adams

  John Quincy Adams (1764-1848) was the 6th president of the United States serving 1825-1829. He was the son of John Adams, the 2nd president. He served as Secretary of State and was instrumental in developing the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 whose aim was to keep the European powers from expanding their powers in the western hemisphere. After serving as president Adams became a strong opponent of slavery, the annexation of Texas, and the war against Mexico.

• John Rae

  John Rae is best known today for his biography of Adam Smith. He also wrote on socialism and the eight hour day.

• John Ramsay McCulloch

  John Ramsay McCulloch (1789-1864) was the leader of the Ricardian school following the death of David Ricardo. He was a pioneer in the collection of economic statistics and was the first professor of political economy at the University of London in 1828. [The image comes from “The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University.”]

• John Redman Coxe

  Coxe was born in America, studied medicine in England and set up his practice in Philadelphia. He was a friend of Benjamin Rush and a champion of inoculation against diseases such as yellow fever.

• John Richter

  Richter translated some works by J.B. Say into English in the early 19th century.

• John Robinson

  Robinson (1575-1625) was an English Puritan minister who was known as the pastor to the Pilgrim fathers before and after their journey to New England.

• John Roebuck

  Inventor, early industrial engineer, physician, and financier.

• John Rowan

  John Rowan was born in Pennsylvania in 1773. He studied law in Lexington, was admitted to the bar in 1795, and became a successful criminal lawyer and wellknown orator.

• John Shebbeare

  Surgeon, Physician, Satirist, and Tory writer for the Grenville Administration.

• John St Loe Strachey

  John St Loe Strachey (1860–1927) was a British journalist and newspaper proprietor. Between 1887 and 1925, he was editor of The Spectator. He was a member of the Liberty and Property Defence League in the late 19th century and wrote an essay for one of their books against socialism.

• John Stuart Blackie

  A prolific author and translator who also edited works by Burns.

• John Stuart Mill

  John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was the precocious child of the Philosophical Radical and Benthamite James Mill. Taught Greek, Latin, and political economy at an early age, he spent his youth in the company of the Philosophic Radicals, Benthamites and utilitarians who gathered around his father James.

• John Taylor

  John Taylor, of Caroline County Virginia, was the preeminent theorist of Jeffersonian Old Republicanism. He was a strong advocate of individual and states rights in the face of the growing power of the federal government (“tyranny”) and opposed increased tariffs and mercantilist economic policy.

• John Thelwall

  John Thelwall (1764-1834) was a radical English journalist and writer who supported the ideals of the French Revolution and sought similar political reforms in Britain, such as universal suffrage, annual elections for Parliament, and freedom of association.

• John Toland

  Toland was one of the 18thC Commonwealthmen described by Caroline Robbins.

• John Towers

  An influential 18th-century English dissenting minister and writer in London.

• John Trenchard

  John Trenchard (1662-1723) was a radical Whig and Commonwealthman who, along with his collaborator Thomas Gordon (1692-1750), were important voices defending constitutionalism and individual liberty in the 1720s in England.

• John Veitch

  Veitch was professor of logic and rhetoric at the University of Glasgow.

• John Wade

  John Wade (1788-1875) was a member of the English radicals which formed around Francis Place and Jeremy Bentham in the early 19th century.

• John Wesley

  John Wesley was an English theologian who was the primary leader of the revival movement known as Methodism, which became the modern Methodist movement. A tireless evangelist, preacher and writer, ordainer of ministers, and founder of chapels, Wesley was also a staunch abolitionist and a supporter of women’s right to preach and teach. Initially sympathetic to American complaints, Wesley changed his mind under the influence of Samuel Johnson.

• John Wildman

  Wildman was a Leveller and republican who served in the new Model Army and wrote a number of pamphlets advocating its cause: Case of the Army and Agreement of the People. He was an arch opponent of Cromwell and was imprisoned during the 1650s for his opposition.

• John William Fletcher

  A key interpreter of scriptures and early methodism as well as a gifted writer and speaker.

• John Wyclife

  Wycliffe was a member of the faculty of Oxford University and an early crusader for Christian reform in England.

• Jon Parkin

  Jon Parkin is a lecturer in politics at the University of York, United Kingdom. He is the author of <i>Science, Religion, and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland’s De Legibus Naturae</i> and a forthcoming book on Thomas Hobbes, <i>Taming the Leviathan.</i>

• Jonas Hanway

  English writer, philanthropist, and merchant.

• Jonathan Elliot

  Jonathan Elliot (1784-1846) compiled and edited a 5 volume collection of documents on the debates held in the various states on the ratification of the US constitution.

• Jonathan Shipley

  Dr. Jonathan Shipley (1714 – 1788), the bishop of St. Asaph, was the only bishop of the English Church to speak out against Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party. The attribution of this text was first made by the printer in 1774 and was never denied by Shipley or his heirs. Shipley was known to be warmly attached to the American cause and was strongly associated with Old Whig ideas. He was said to be a friend to both Benjamin Franklin and a young Alexander Hamilton.

• Jonathan Watson

  Little is known of this individual except that he was a loyalist and likely a Virginian. The nineteenth century bibliographer, Lorenzo Sabine discovered a note to Lord Dartmouth in which Watson revealed his authorship of a reply to Dr. Price.

• Joseph Addison

  Joseph Addison (1672-1719) was educated at Oxford, served as a member of Parliament, and became widely known as an essayist, playwright, poet, and statesman. His play about <i>Cato</i> was very popular in the American colonies before the Revolution.

• Joseph Butler

  Butler was an English bishop, theologian, and philosopher.

• Joseph Cawthorne

  A writer often seen as advocating compromise.

• Joseph Chitty

  Chitty was an English lawyer who produced several treatises on English law and wrote commentaries on the works of Vattel and Blackstone.

• Joseph Coulthard

  Coulthard was the translator of Humboldt's Spheres and Duties of Government into English in the mid-19th cnetury.

• Joseph Devey

  Devey edited several volumes of Bacon’s writings.

• Joseph Galloway

  Galloway was a Loyalist during the American Revolution and lost a sizable estate in Pennsylvania.

• Joseph H. Bottum

• Joseph Hamburger

  Joseph Hamburger was the Pelatiah Perit Professor Emeritus of Political and Social Science at Yale University. He was a leading authority on 19th-century British intellectual history and political theory and wrote books on "James Mill and the Art of Revolution," "Intellectuals in Politics" and "Macaulay and the Whig Tradition."

• Joseph Hiam Levy

  Levy was an English radical individualist and supporter of the free market.

• Joseph McCabe

  McCabe was ordained as a Franciscan priest but left the order after 13 years. He wrote prolifically on science, religion, history, and culture and was a popular public speaker on these topics.

• Joseph Priestley

  Priestley was a leading theologian, scientist, and advocate of liberty in late 18th century Britain. He was a supporter of the American Revolution and severe critic of the British Empire.

• Joseph Rickaby, S.J.

  Rickaby was a Jesuit priest who translated the works of Thomas Aquinas into English and wrote several books on moral philosophy. He was Professor of Logic and General Metaphysics at St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst.

• Joseph Shield Nicholson

  Shield Nichoson was the Professor of Political Economy at the University of Ediburgh.

• Joshua Gee

  Country Gentleman residing in Hampstead.

• Joshua Steele

  Joshua Steele, born in Ireland, was a successful Barbados planter, a writer on prosody and an advocate of abolition.

• Joshua Toulmin

  Theologian, historian, and dissenting minister.

• Josiah Tucker

  Josiah Tucker (1712-1799) was the Dean of Gloucester between 1758 and 1790 and an important precursor of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith. He was quite laissez faire in his views on trade and a supporter of American independence.

• Joyce Lee Malcolm

  Joyce Lee Malcolm is Professor of History at Bentley College.

• Joyce Oldham Appleby

  Joyce Appleby was Professor Emerita of History at UCLA. She obtained her doctorate from Claremont University.

• Justin Champion

  Justin Champion was Professor of the History of Early Modern Ideas at Royal Holloway, University of London where he had taught since 1990. He was President of the Historical Association (founded in 1906), an advisor to the 2015 British Library Magna Carta Exhibition, and contributed to the national commemorative activity. His research interests included the history of political liberty, the radical English Enlightenment, and the impact of epidemic disease in London.

• K Narayanaswami Aiyar

  Aiyar translated for Annie Besant's publisher a number of Upanishads.

• Kalidasa

  A poet and dramatist who flourished in the fifth century A.D., Kalidasa, who wrote in Sanskrit, was a master of several genres and possibly India’s greatest writer. Other than legends concerning the sources of his wisdom and his origins, however, little is known about his life except that he was very likely a part of the court of Chandragupta II (also King Vikramaditya, 375-413?) and a member of the Brahman (priestly) class.

• Karl Marx

  Karl Marx was one of the leading 19th Century theorists of socialism. He prided himself on having discovered the “laws” which governed the operation of the capitalist system, laws which would inevitably lead to its collapse.

• Karl Theodor Eheberg

  Eheberg was a German economist who wrote a lengthy introduction to List's book on the National System of Political Economy.

• Kenneth Minogue

  Kenneth Minogue was Emeritus Professor of Political Science at the University of London.

• Kermit L. Hall

  Kermit L. Hall was the President of the State University of New York at Albany as well as Professor of History at the same institution.

• Khayr al-Din (Khérédine)

  Khayr al-Din (or Khérédine in French) worked for the Ahmad Bey of Tunis as envoy to Paris, then Minister of the Navy and President of the Supreme Council, and ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople.

• King David

  King David was the most powerful king of biblical Israel who ruled from 1010 BC to 970 BC. He expanded the size of his kingdom, created a unitary state, and chose Jerusalem as the new capital city. David was also a gifted poet.

• King Shudraka

  Little is known about this ancient Indian King and author who wrote in Sanskrit during the Vedic period.

• King Solomon

  King Solomon, the son of King David, was renowned for his wisdom and many of his sayings were collected in the Book of Proverbs, a book of the Old Testament.

• Knud Haakonssen

  Knud Haakonssen is Director of the Research Centre for Early-Modern Natural Law at the Max Weber Centre for Advanced Cultural & Social Studies, University of Erfurt, and professor of intellectual history, University of St. Andrews. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters.

• Knut Wicksell

  Knut Wicksell, Swedish economist, was one of the founders of modern macroeconomics. His work focused on real and nominal interest rates, the marginal productivity of capital, and determinants of the price level. He elaborated on ideas from economists as broad-based as Jevons, Böhm-Bawerk, and Clark, and influenced economists from Irving Fisher to John Maynard Keynes to James Buchanan. [The image comes from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University."]

• Kurt Leube

  Kurt Leube is a Professor in the Department of Economics at California State University, Hayward; a Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Professor and Academic Director of the International Institute for Austrian Economics. Leube is a historian of economic thought, with an emphasis on Austrian economics, and a scholar of law and economics and economic philosophy.

• L. At Richmond

  This pseudonym, “L. of Richmond,” implies residency in an aristocratic area of southwest London, home to one of the oldest royal residences, Richmond Palace, likely to lend credence to the claim that this author was personally acquainted with George Grenville, former Lord of the Exchequer, former Prime Minister, and author of the controversial Stamp Act (1765). Whether true or not, the implication sharpened the text’s satirical edge critiquing Grenville’s policies and character.

• Lance Banning

  Lance Banning (1942-2006) was Professor of History at the University of Kentucky, where he had taught since 1973, and was the 2000/2001 Distinguished Professor in the College of Arts and Sciences.

• Lao Tzu

  Lao Tzu (or Laozi) is remembered as the first philosopher of Taoism. He is often cited as a contributor to, if not the author of, the Tao-te Ching, the basic philosophical discourse on Taoism.

• Laurence Arthur Burd

  Burd edited a heavily annotated edition of Machiavelli's The Prince to which Lord Acton added an Introdcution.

• Laurence L. Bongie

  Laurence L. Bongie is Professor Emeritus of French at the University of British Columbia.

• Lawrence H. White

  Lawrence H. White is a professor of economics at George Mason University and a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the Mercatus Center's F. A. Hayek Program.

• Lawrence S. Moss

  Moss is a professor of economics at the University of Virginia. He attended Ludwig von Mises' seminars in New York city between 1963-65 and has written on the Irish economists Mountifort Longfield.

• Leland B. Yeager

  Leland Yeager was Ludwig von Mises Professor of Economics, Emeritus, at Auburn University.

• Léon Faucher

  Faucher worked as a literary translator before joining the Saint-Simonians, and then the Free Trade Association. He was the editor of the <i>Revue des deux mondes</i> for 20 years from 1834-1854 and a Member of Parliament for Reims in 1846. He was active in the Constitutent Assembly during the 1848 Revolution, becoming Minsister for Public Works. He was also a member of the Academie des sciences morales et politiques and wrote on money, manufacturing, and the right to work.

• Leonard E. Read

  Leonard Read, American founder and president of the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), had a lifelong devotion to educating people about freedom in down-to-earth ways that would stick with them. His most famous essay, “I, Pencil,” was first published in the December 1958 issue of The Freeman. It has influenced generations of economists, including Milton Friedman, through its charm and clarity.

• Leonard P. Liggio

  Leonard Liggio is a professor of history and law at George Mason Uiversity, Fairfax, Virginia. The journal <i>Literature of Liberty</i> was edited by Leonard P. Liggio and John V. Cody between 1978 and 1982.

• Leonard Woolsey Bacon

  Bacon edited a collection of Luther's hymns.

• Lester H. Cohen

  Lester H. Cohen taught history and American Studies at Purdue University.

• Lewes Roberts

  Lewes was a London merchant who worked first for the Levant Company in Constantinople and then for the East India Company. He wrote an early tract on foreign trade.

• Lewis Amherst Selby-Bigge

  Selby-Bigge was a British philosopher who wrote on British moralists and edited various works of Hume.

• Lionel Robbins

  Robbins was one of the leading English economists of the 20th century. He wrote on wages, iinflation, the economics of war, and the history of economic thought.

• Ljubo Sirc

  Trained in both economics and law, Ljubo Sirc united the perspective of a scholar with personal experience to observe firsthand the dangers of communist regimes.

• Lord Peter Thomas Bauer

  Bauer was a Hungarian-born economist who emigrated to England in the 1930s. He is considered one of the leading free market theorists of economic development in the "Third World".

• Lord Ralph Harris

  The founding director of the London-based Institute for Economic Affairs.

• Lorenzo Da Ponte

  A prolific Venetian librettist who wrote the libretto for Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro (based upon a play by Beaumarchais) and Cosi fan tutte.

• Louis M. Spadaro

  Spadaro was a economist who taught at Fordham University since 1938. He was Dean of the Graduate School of Business and Chairman of the Department of Economics. He was the author of the textbooks <em>Economics: An Introductory View</em> (1969) and was President of the Institute for Humane Studies.

• Louis Wolowski

  Wolowski was born in Poland but his family fled to France after the 1830 revolution. He became a French citizen and taught law and economics in Paris. He took the Chair of Industrial Law in 1839 at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers and in 1864 the Chair of Industrial Economics.

• Ludwig M. Lachmann

  Lachmann was a German born member of the Austrian school of economics founded by Carl Menger and Boehm-Bawerk. He studied at the London School of Economics in the 1930s, taught at the University of Wiwatersrand in South Africa and wrote seminal material on Austrian capital theory.

• Ludwig van Beethoven

  Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was one of the great European classical composers of the first half of the 19th century. He wrote a number of politically inspired works including an opera Fidelio which had as one of its themes the issue of individual liberty.

• Ludwig von Mises

  Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) was the acknowledged leader of the Austrian School of economic thought, a prodigious originator in economic theory, and a prolific author. Mises’ writings and lectures encompassed economic theory, history, epistemology, government, and political philosophy. His contributions to economic theory include important clarifications on the quantity theory of money, the theory of the trade cycle, the integration of monetary theory with economic theory in general, and a demonstration that socialism must fail because it cannot solve the problem of economic calculation. Mises was the first scholar to recognize that economics is part of a larger science in human action, a science which Mises called “praxeology”. Mises wrote many works on two related economic themes: 1. monetary economics, [[inflation]](https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Inflation.html), and the role of government, and 2. the differences between government-controlled economies and free trade. His influential work on economic freedoms, their causes and consequences, brought him to highlight the interrelationships between economic and non-economic freedoms in societies, and the appropriate role for government. See also our collection of extracts, essays, and other resources on Mises.

• Luigi Turco

  Luigi Turco is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bologna.

• Lysander Spooner

  Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) was a legal theorist, abolitionist, and radical individualist who started his own mail company in order to challenge the monopoly held by the US government. He wrote on the constitutionality of slavery, natural law, trial by jury, intellectual property, paper currency, and banking.

• M Stanton Evans

  M. Stanton Evans was the former editor of <em>The Indianapolis News</em> and founding director of the National Journalism Center in Washington, D.C.

• M.D. O’Brien

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• M.J.C. Vile

  MJC Vile is Professor of Politics at the University of Kent at Canterbury and author also of The Structure of American Federalism.

• Mahabharata

  Based on events from about 1400-1000 B.C., the Mahabharata (the great epic of the Bharata dynasty) is one of the two major epics of India.

• Manasseh Dawes

  Manasseh Dawes was a writer trained in the law and a member of the Inner Temple, another of the four English “Inns of Court,” who, like Thomas Parker, took up his pen against various moral and constitutional outrages in the peripheries of the empire. He was especially attuned to Whiggish arguments for free trade and for leaving colonials alone to encourage the benefits that flow from commerce and minimal regulation.

• Manuel Ayau

  Manuel Ayau (1925-2010) was the founder and former rector and teacher of economics at Universidad Francisco Marroquin.

• Marchamont Nedham

  Marchamont Nedham (1620-1678) was a republican journalist during the English Civil War and was the editor of the Mercurius Politicus.

• Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

  Marcus Aurelius (121-180) was Emperor of Rome and a leading figure in the Stoic school of philosophy.

• Marcus Tullius Cicero

  Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) was a Roman lawyer and statesman who was active during the late Republic in resisting the rise of dictatorship. His polished style of writing Latin greatly influenced later generations.

• Margarethe Langfeldt

  Langfeldt translated many works into German including Wicksell's Lectures on Economics.

• Maria Weston Chapman

  Chapman was an abolitionist and Christian reformer who also edited the American edition of Harriet Martineau's Autobiography.

• Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet

  Condorcet was a mathematician, a philosopher, permanent secretary of the French Academy of Sciences (from 1776), and a politician during the French Revolution. He was active in a number of committees which drew up legislation during the Revolution (especially on public education and constitutional reform) but became a victim of Jacobin repression when the liberal Girondin group was expelled from the Convention.

• Marie-Olympe de Gouges

  Marie Gouze (1748-1793), who wrote under the name of Marie-Olympe de Gouges, was the daughter of a butcher who became a playwright and early feminist during the French Revolution. She was active in the abolitionist movement, writing Réflexions sur les hommes nègres (Reflections on Black Men) (1788) and being active in la Société des amis des Noirs (Society of the Friends of the Blacks).

• Marion Filipiuk

  Marion Filipiuk was a Senior Research Assistant on the J.S. Mill Project at the University of Toronto.

• Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson

  Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson taught Spanish at King’s College, London, was head of the Spanish department and lecturer in Spanish at Birkbeck College, London University, and taught at the London School of Economics, where she received her Ph.D. on the monetary theory of the School of Salamanca under the supervision of F. A. Hayek.

• Mark David Hall

  Mark David Hall is Herbert Hoover Distinguished Professor of Political Science at George Fox University.

• Mark E. Yellin

  Mark E. Yellin is a former Fellow at Liberty Fund.

• Mark Goldie

  Mark Goldie is Reader in British Intellectual History at the University of Cambridge.

• Mark Salber Phillips

  Mark Salber Phillips is Professor of History at Carleton University in Ottawa.

• Martin Luther

  Martin Luther, an Augustinian priest, biblical scholar, and linguist, was born and died in Eisleben, Saxony, a duchy in northwestern Germany. His attack on ecclesiastical abuses, the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>, signaled the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

• Martin Moir

  Martin Moir was formerly archivist and deputy director of the India Office Library and Records, Library.

• Martine Julia van Ittersum

  Martine Julia van Ittersum is a Lecturer in History at the University of Dundee.

• Mary Agnes Hamilton

  Mary Hamilton was a prolific English author and translator. She wrote biographies of Ramsay McDonald and John Stuart Mill and wrote on other political topics such as women and labour. She was the deputy editor of the New Leader in the early 1920s and was elected as a Labor Member of Parliament for Blackburn 1929-1931.

• Mary Campbell Smith

  Campbell Smith tanslated and wrote a lengthy introduction to Kant's Perpetual Peace.

• Mary Catherine Moran

  Mary Catherine Moran was a Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Edinburgh in 1999-2001. She teaches in the department of history at Columbia University.

• Mary Charlotte Mair Simpson

  Mary Simpson was a translator and editor who edited works by Guizot and Tocqueville.

• Mary Wollstonecraft

  Wollstonecraft was an English author who rose to prominence with a very quick response to Burke’s <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i>. She extended her analysis two years later to defend the idea of equal rights for women in one of the founding texts of modern feminism - <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Wollstonecraft lived in France during the Revolution and wrote an early history of that event. She also wrote travel letters and novels.

• Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

  Mary Shelley was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin and was married to the romantic poet Percy Shelley. She is the author of the novel Frankenstein.

• Mathew Wheelock

  Mathew Wheelock was one of a number of writers defending the imperial administration of the colonies.

• Matilda Betham-Edwards

  Betham-Edwards lived and taught in France and wrote books of travel literature and memoirs. She is best known today for her edition of Young's Travels in France.

• Matthew Raper

  Author of an early tract on ancient Greek and Roman money which appeared in McCulloch’s collection.

• Matthew Robinson-Morris

  Matthew Robinson-Morris, Second Baron Rokeby, politician and land-owner from the civil parish of Rokeby in Northern England.

• Maulvi Muhammed Ali

  Maulvi Muhammed Ali translated the Koran into English early in the 20th century. His edition was a bilingual one and contained a lengthy introduction to and commentary on the text.

• Maurice Herbert Dobb

  Dobb was a Marxist economist and historian who taught at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1924 to 1976.

• Max Farrand

  Farrand was an important editor of early American constitutional documents. He was a professor of history at Yale University.

• Max Wirth

  Max Wirth was editor of the Neue Freie Presse, Vienna; an Honorary Member of the Royal Statistical Society of London; and late director of the Bureau of Statistics of Switzerland.

• Maynard Garrison

  Garrison assisted in the preparation of the collected works of James Wilson.

• Melanchthon Smith

  Melancthon Smith of New York, was a member of the Continental Congress, (1785–88), and of the New York State Convention, in which he opposed, but ultimately voted for the ratification of the new Constitution.

• Mencius

  Mencius was born into a minor noble family in the small state of Tsou in the present-day province of Shandong, As a young scholar Mencius was tutored by the grandson of Confucius and he soon became a leading expert in Confucian thought in his own right.

• Mercy Otis Warren

  Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814) was one of the most formidable female intellectuals in 18th century America. She wrote plays, poetry, letters, a pamphlet warning of the dangers of the new Constitution, and one of the most important contemporary histories of the American Revolution. In her history we see the continual struggle between liberty, virtue, and reason on the one hand, against the blind pursuit of power, luxury, and passion on the other.

• Micah

  Micah wrote the sixth of the twelve prophetic books of the Old Testament and was active in the last half of the eighth century B.C.

• Michael Friedlaender

  Friedlaender wrote on Jewish religion and history, especially a translation of Maimonides <I>A Guide for the Perplexed</i>.

• Michael J. Seidler

  Michael J. Seidler is Professor of Philosophy at Western Kentucky University.

• Michael Lane

  Michael Lane was Associate Professor of Englaish at Victoria College, University of Toronto.

• Michael Lobban

  Michael Lobban is Professor of Legal History at Queen Mary, University of London.

• Michael Novak

  Michael Novak was the George Frederick Jewett Scholar in Religion and Public Policy and Director of Social and Political Studies at the American Enterprise Institute.

• Michael Oakeshott

  Michael Oakeshott was Professor of Political Science at the London School of Economics and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

• Michael Silverthorne

  Silverthorne is professor of classics at McGill University in Montreal. He is recognized as one of the foremost translators of neo-Latin and has translated, among other works, Hobbe's De Cive, published by Cambridge University Press.

• Micheál Ó Súilleabháin

  Ó Súilleabháin was a member of the Department of Economics of University College, Cork when he translated Hayek's essay on Richard Cantillon for the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1985.

• Michel Chevalier

  Michel Chevalier (1806-1879) was a Saint-Simonian economist and supporter of free trade. He was commissioned by the French government to visit the US in 1833 to report on its transportation system. As a consequence he published, like Tocqueville, an analysis of North America in a series of letters. Chevalier was a professor of political economy and negotiated with Richard Cobden in 1860 a free trade treaty between France and Great Britain.

• Michel de Montaigne

  Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) was a French Renaissance sceptic and humanist who is best known for his Essays in which he explored the human condition in a very personal and clever manner.

• Miles Menander Dawson

  Dawson was an actuary who wrote on the mathematics of insurance, workers compensation, and translated literature. He was also a member of the Confucian Society of China.

• Milton Friedman

  Milton Friedman (1912-2007) was the author of many books and articles in economics, including A Theory of the Consumption Function, The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, and (with A. J. Schwartz) A Monetary History of the United States, Monetary Statistics of the United States, and Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom. Friedman also wrote extensively on public policy, always with a primary emphasis on the preservation and extension of individual freedom.

• Misc (Reformation Chorale)

  Many French and German Protestants rendered into musical form biblical works, such as the Psalms, and are the basis of most early Reformation music. A considerable number were created by Martin Luther whose concept of a priesthood of all believers found expression in his encouragement of congregational singing.

• Misc (Rigveda)

  The Rigveda, the oldest of the Hindu scriptures, date back to the early Aryan invasions of northern India (ca. 1500-1200 B.C.) The Sanskrit word veda is the remote ancestor of the English word wit and the German word wissen. It is most readily translated today as “knowledge.” Specifically, veda refers to the sort of knowledge that will help a man win the favor of the gods. The verses are replete with examples of virtue and charity and define the responsibilities of the wealthy and powerful to the poor.

• Misc (Roman Chant)

  Roman, or Gregorian, chant, the liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic church, has been practiced in various forms since approximately the seventh century. No particular author of the chants has been recorded. Presumably it was the collaborative effort of many people over several centuries.

• Misc (Upanishads)

  The Upanishads, the commentaries in verse of the great teachers of Hinduism on the sacred texts of the Vedas, are central to the Hindu religious canon. The name Upanishad roughly translates to “sitting at the feet of the teacher.” The names of 108 of the teachers are known. The first were active around 1000 B.C., and the largest number sometime around 600 B.C.

• Mohammad Jamil-Ub-Behman Barod

• Moncure Daniel Conway

  Conway was an American clergyman and prolific author and editor. He was influenced by Emerson and in turn became a Transcendentalist and abolitionist. Later in his life he moved to France where he became active in the European peace movement.

• Morris Jastrow

  Morris Jastrow (1861-1921) was Professor of Semitic Languages at the University of Pennsylvania.

• Mortimer J. Adler

  Mortimer J. Adler (1902-2001) was an American philosopher and educator who worked within the Aristotelian and Thomistic traditions. He taught at Columbia University and the University of Chicago and was active in developing the Great Books Program.

• Morton J. Frisch

  Morton J. Frisch was Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Northern Illinois University.

• Moses

  Moses was the Hebrew leader and prophet who delivered his people from Egyptian slavery in the thirteenth century B.C. He was successful in establishing a stable Jewish society through his Covenant with God (Yahweh) at Mount Sinai and the promulgation of the Ten Commandments.

• Moses Maimonides

  Moses Maimonides was one of the foremost intellectuals of medieval Judaism. He was born in the city of Córdoba in Islamic Spain, and he spent his entire life among the Muslims, practicing his faith in private while earning the respect and admiration of the sultans as a legal scholar, a philosopher, and a physician.

• Mountifort Longfield

  Longfield was a Fellow of Trinity College, Dubliin and the first professor of Political Economy there. He is regarded as a precursor to the marginalist school.

• Mrs. Russell Barrington

  Mrs. Russell Barrington was Bagehot's sister-in-law. She wrote a number of works on art and biography.

• Muhammad

  Mohammed was the founder of Islam.

• Murray N. Rothbard

  Rothbard was an Austrian economist, economic historian, and libertarian political philosopher.

• N.T. Pharmacopola

  The pseudonym N. T. Pharmacopola is of an unknown satirical author seeking to “remedy” the tensions between England and her colonies by drawing on anatomical and medical analogies.

• Napoléon Bonaparte

  Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was an artillery officer in the French Army during the French Revolution before becoming First Consul in 1799 and then Emperor in 1804. His armies occupied most of Europe before being defeated in Spain and Russia leading to his ultimate defeat in 1815 and the restoration of the French monarchy. One of his most lasting legacies was the codification of French law known as the Civil or Napoleonic Code.

• Nassau William Senior

  Nassau W. Senior (1790-1864) was a British economist who taught at Oxford University and worked on the marginal aspects of inputs to production. He argued that capital accumulation is a cost of production, and drew careful distinctions between wealth and welfare. His contributions to the Whig party as an advisor included arguments about work hours and wages. Along with Edwin Chadwick, he wrote the revised Poor Law Commissioners’ Report of 1834.

• Natalio R. Botana

  Natalio R. Botana is Emeritus Professor at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

• Nathan Bailey

  The translator of Erasmus's Colloquies.

• Nathaniel Culverwell

  Nathaniel Culverwell (1619-51) was a student and later a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

• National Anti-Corn Law League

  The National Anti-Corn Law League was based in London and run by a Committee. Its leading members included Richard Cobden, John Bright, Charles Pelham Villiers, Ebenezer Elliott, George Wilson, Thomas Perronet Thompson.

• Neil L. York

  Neil L. York is professor of history at Brigham Young University. He is the author or editor of a dozen books, including, most recently, The American Revolution, 1760–1790: New Nation as New Empire.

• New Testament

  Firstly, the New Testament is often known as a collection of writings by Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Paul, James, and Jude. There is much debate among scholars about the authorship of some of these writings. This means that traditional attributions are not universally accepted.

• Newcome Cappe

  A Unitarian minister in York, England.

• Niccolo Machiavelli

  Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher who wrote a famous piece of advice to The Prince on how to get and keep political power.

• Nicholas Barbon

  Nicholas Barbon was an English physician, London real estate developer, and promoter of fire insurance (after the fire of London of 1664). He was elected a member of Parliament in 1690 and in 1695. He was one of the earliest defenders of the idea of free trade.

• Nicholas Bourke

  Nicholas Bourke was a lawyer and member of the Jamaican Assembly from the late 1750s until 1770.

• Nicholas Capaldi

  Nicholas Capaldi is the Legendre-Soule Distinguished Chair in Business Ethics at Loyola University, New Orleans, and was Professor at the University of Tulsa and Queens College, City University of New York. Among his books are Out of Order: Affirmative Action and the Crisis of Doctrinaire Liberalism; Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Unfair Preference?; and Immigration: Debating the Issues.

• Nicholas Ray

  Londoner who resided for a time in New York, and possibly a merchant.

• Noah Webster

  Noah Webster (1758-1843) was an ardent Federalist, lexicographer, and political writer in the early American republic.

• Norman P. Barry

  Norman Barry was professor of poitical science at University College, Buckingham.

• O Kopetzky

  Kopetzky did the lavish illustrations to Carus' edition of Buddha's writings.

• Obadiah Hulme

  Little is known about Obadiah Hulme beyond his authorship of two pamphlets, the 1771 Historical Essay on the English Constitution (of which Thomas Jefferson owned multiple copies) and the 1776 A Plan of Reconciliation Between Great Britain and Her Colonies.

• Old Testament (Various Authors)

  The books of the Old Testament were written over a long period of time by various authors.

• Oliphant Smeaton

  Smeaton wrote a short introduction to Gibbon's Autobiography.

• Oliver Cromwell

  Cromwell played a very important part in the English revolution, helping to form the New Model Army, conquering Ireland and Scotland, and becoming Lord Protector of England from 1654-1658. He knew the Leveller John Lilburne but was no Leveller himself.

• Oliver Herbrand Gordon Leigh

  Leigh was the editor of the 30 volume Universal Classics Library and wrote the introduction to the multi-volume Works of Voltaire.

• Oliver J. Thatcher

  Thatcher was a medieval historian and the editor of the multi-volume series of source material called the Library of Original Sources.

• OLL Editor

• Origen

  Origen was one of the most important theologians and biblical scholars of the early Greek church.

• Otto von Gierke

  Otto von Gierke (1841-1921) was a German jurist and legal historian who taught for many years at the University of Berlin. He exerted a significant influence on the English legal historian F. W. Maitland whose translation introduced Gierke’s work to the English speaking world. His major works are Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht (Berlin 1868-1881), Naturrrecht und Deutsches Recht (Frankfurt 1883), and Deutsches Privatrecht (Leipzig 1895).

• P.H. Lee Warner

  Warner translated Molinari's The Society of Tomorrow into English.

• Pascal Salin

  Pascal Salin is Emeritus Professor of Economics, Paris University, and former president of the Mont Pelerin Society. He is the author of Libéralisme; Français, n’ayez pas peur du libéralism; and Revenir au capitalisme, pour éviter les crises.

• Patrick O'Brien

  O'Brien is Centennial Professor in Economic History at the London School of Economics and the Convenor of the Programme in Global History at the Institute for Historical Research, University of London.

• Paul Bonnefon

  Bonnefon was a scholar who specialised in the works of Rousseau, Montaigne , and La Boetie.

• Paul Carrese

  Paul Carrese is a Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy.

• Paul Carus

  Carus was born and studied philosophy in Germany before leaving the country to come to the U.S.A. when Bismarck was in power. He was the first editor of the Open Court Publishing Company which also published his many writings. He was a key figure in introducing Buddhist thought to the West in the late 19th century.

• Paul Christianson

  Christianson is Professor of History at Queens University, Ontario, is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and has held fellowships at the Huntington Library.

• Paul Franco

  Paul Franco is a Professor in the Department of Government at Bowdoin College.

• Paul Heyne

  Paul Heyne taught at Valparaiso University (1957–66), Southern Methodist University (1966–76), and the University of Washington (1976–2000). He was a well-trained theologian, a gifted and dedicated teacher of economics for over forty years, and the author of a highly regarded and widely used textbook, The Economic Way of Thinking which has gone through 11 editions.

• Paul Leicester Ford

  A prolific historian who edited many collections of material from the period of the American Revolution and Constitution, including the works of Thomas Jefferson.

• Paul W. McCracken

  Paul W. McCracken’s influence on how we think about economic policy has reached from the academy to the popular press to the highest reaches of government.

• Pelatiah Webster

  Pelatiah Webster was a Philadelphia merchant, and author of a number of pamphlets on the finances and government of the United States, most of which he reprinted in his “Political Essays” in Philadelphia in 1791.

• Percy Bysshe Shelley

  Shelley was one of the leading English romantic poets who had a strong feeling for individual liberty.

• Percy L. Greaves, Jr.

  Percy Greaves (1906-1984) was an economists, journalist, and author who wrote several works on economics and history and lectured at the Foundation for Economic Education. He was a long-time associate and personal friend of Ludwig von Mises.

• Peter G. Stein

  Stein was Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Queen's College. He wrote on legal history, Roman law, legal evolution, and was an editor of the Glasgow edition of Smith's Lectures on Jurisprudence.

• Peter J. Boettke

  Peter Boettke is University Professor of Economics and Philosophy at George Mason University and the BB&T Professor for the Study of Capitalism at the Mercatus Center. He is the author most recently of Living Economics: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow and has been the editor of the Review of Austrian Economics since 1998.

• Peter Jones

  Peter Jones is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, where he was also Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities.

• Peter Koslowski

  Peter Koslowski was Professor of Philosophy at VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands, where he had taught since 2004. He was Founding Director of the Hanover Institute of Philosophical Research, Hanover, Germany, from 1988 to 2001 and Visiting Scholar-in-Residence with Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 2002 to 2003.

• Peter Paul Seaton Jr.

  Peter Paul Seaton Jr. teaches philosophy at St. Mary’s Seminary and University in Baltimore. His scholarly interests focus on the intersection of religion, politics, and philosophy.

• Peter Schröder

  Peter Schröder is a Senior Lecturer in the History Department at University College London

• Peter Whitehorne

  Whitehorne translated Machiavelli's The Art of War in 1560.

• Petter Korkman

  Petter Korkman is a Fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies and is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Philosophy at the Academy of Finland.

• Philip H. Wicksteed

  Philip H. Wicksteed (1844-1927), English philosopher, theologian, and economist, made important advances in economic method and in the theory of marginal productivity. He also emphasized the subjectivism of costs. His use of mathematics and graphical analysis, coupled with a lively writing style, made these tools more accessible to students. He influenced many 20th century economists, particularly those working in the Austrian tradition.

• Philip Hanson

  Hanson is Emertius Professor of the Political Economy of Russia and Eastern Europe at the Universtiy of Birmingham, England.

• Philip Schaff

  Schaff was a professor in the Union Theolgical Seminary, New York.

• Piero Sraffa

  The Italian-born economist was part of the Cambridge group of Marxists during the interwar period. He joind Keynes in opposing Hayek's theory of the business cycle. He was an advocate of Ricardo's economic views and helped the Royal Society edited Ricardo's complete works, the first volume of which appeared in 1951.

• Pierre Bayle

  Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was a Protestant philosopher and critic who was born in France. In 1675 he became professor of philosophy at Sedan until forced into exile in Rotterdam in 1681, where he published works on religion with a liberal and tolerant tendency.

• Pierre des Essars

  Pierre des Essars was Director of Economic Studies at the Bank of France.

• Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais

  Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (1732-1799) was a watchmaker and a court musician, before he turned to writing plays. He is best known for having dared to publish Voltaire and two anti-aristocratic plays of his own - The Barber of Seville (1775) and The Marriage of Figaro (1781). During the American Revolution he acted on behalf of the French crown to supply guns and other weapons to the American revolutionaries.

• Pieter de la Court

  Pieter de la Court was a Dutch cloth manufacturer with close family ties to the Republican movement.

• Plato

  Plato is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy.

• Pliny, Junior

  This was a pen name used to imply someone with an informed perspective whose opinion should be taken seriously by those in power.

• Plotinus

  Plotinus is regarded by many modern philosophers as one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He is primarily remembered for his teachings, which were collected by Porphyry into a volume called the Enneads. This work gives Plotinus’s accounts of the religions and cults of his age. His own religious beliefs inclined toward the idea that one could achieve a spiritual union with the good (understood as the Platonic idea of a perfect realm of the ideal) through philosophic reflection.

• Plutarch

  Plutarch was active in politics and traveled to Rome several times as a public servant. In Rome, he was a popular philosopher and public figure and traveled in circles that included the emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Plutarch is known to have written 227 works of various sorts. Of these, <em>Parallel Lives</em>, a collection of biographies about Greek and Roman figures, and <em>Morals</em>, a collection of works on ethical, political, religious, and literary topics.

• Prosper Paillottet

  Prosper Paillottett (1804-1878) is best known for his friendship with Bastiat, joining Bastiat’s Free Trade Association in its earliest days and then caring for Bastiat when he was very ill in Italy, being with him during his last few days. He was the executor of Bastiat’s estate and published his collected works in 1854-55 and then a more complete edition in 1862-64.

• Publius Cornelius Tacitus

  Tacitus was a Roman orator, lawyer, public official, and historian. He is considered to be among the greatest prose stylists to write in the Latin language.

• R Latta

  Latta was a professor at the University of Glasgow and wrote a preface to Kant's Perpetual Peace.

• R Martin Pope

  Pope co-edited the letters of Jan Huss.

• R.F. McRae

  McRae was a professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto.

• Ralph McInerny

  Ralph McInerny is among the most noted Catholic philosophers and authors of our day. He taught at the University of Notre Dame since 1955, and since 1978 had been the Michael P. Grace Professor of Medieval Studies. He also served as Director of the Jacques Maritain Center at Notre Dame.

• Ralph Raico

  Raico was a professor of European History at the State University of New York, Buffalo.

• Ralph van Deman Magoffin

  Magoffin taught Greek and Roman history at The John Hopkins University.

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

  Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a famous writer, orator, and abolitionist. He studied at Harvard Divinity School but made his living as a school master and then as a popular lecturer. He founded the philosophy of transcendentalism.

• Randy E. Barnett

  Randy E. Barnett is the Carmack Waterhouse Professor of Legal Theory at the Georgetown University Law Center, where he teaches constitutional law and contracts, and is Director of the Georgetown Center for the Constitution.

• Raoul Berger

  Raoul Berger retired in 1976 as Charles Warren Senior Fellow in American Legal History, Harvard University.

• Rasmus B. Anderson

  Anderson was an historian with interests in the Norse discovery of North America and Norse mythology and who translated several sagas into English.

• Reginald Earle Welby, Lord Welby

  Reginald Earle Welby, 1st Baron Welby GCB, was a British peer, former Permanent Secretary to the Treasury and former President of the Royal Statistical Society.

• Reginald Vere Laurence

  R.V. Laurence edited many of the works of Lord Acton along with Henry Figgis.

• René Descartes

  Descartes was an influential philosopher and mathematician who developed the idea of rationalism in opposition to British empiricism.

• Rev. B.H. Alford

  One of the authors in the volume of anti-socialist essays edited by Thomas Mackay and published by the Liberty and Property Defence League.

• Rev. Claude Hermann Walter Johns

  Johns was a lecturer at Queen's College, Cambridge and King's College, London and a prolific author of books on ancient law codes.

• Rev. E. Johnson

  The editor of Erasmus's Colloquies.

• Rev. Elwood Morris Wherry

  Wherry was an Anglican minister who did missionary work in India and edited an English translation of the Quran.

• Rev. Francis B. Wells

  Wells was the rector of Woodchurch in Kent and the translator of Thierry's Formation and Progress of the Third Estate.

• Rev. Henry Calderwood

  Calderwood was professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh.

• Rev. J.A. Giles

  Giles was a scholar of Anglo-Saxon history and langauge and was a Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

• Rev. Robert Vaughan

  Vaughan was president of the Lancashire Independent College in Manchester.

• Rev. T. Thompson

  Not much is known about Thompson, except that he was commissioned by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge to translate a work by St. Ambrose.

• Rev. William Edwin Orchard

  Orchard was a religious writer who was active during and after the First World War.

• Rev. William Pringle

  Pringle translated some of Calvin's commentaries in the mid-19th century.

• Reverend J.F. Shaw

  Shaw translated Augustine's *On Christian Doctrine" for Schaff's edition of the Nicene fathers.

• Reverend Marcus Dods

  Dods translated Augustine's *City of God" for the multi-volume edition by Philip Schaff.

• Rhazes

  Rhazes (865-923) was a renowned alchemist, physician, and Muslim philosopher who lived and worked when the Abbasid Empire was at its height.

• Rice Vaughan

  Rice Vaughan was a seventeenth-century Anglo-Welsh lawyer and economist known for writing a seminal work on economics and currencies entitled A Discourse on Coins and Coinage.

• Richard A. Epstein

  Epstein is the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law at the University of Chicago, where he has taught since 1972. He has also been the Peter and Kirstin Bedford Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 2000.

• Richard A. Posner

  Judge Posner serves of the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, where he was the chief judge of the court from 1993 to 2000. He is also a Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School.

• Richard B. Vernier

  Richard B. Vernier is an Adjunct Professor of American History at Purdue University at Calumet and a specialist in the field of Anglo-American ideas of political economy. He obtained his doctorate from St. Catherine's College, Oxford.

• Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan

  Playwright, theatre manager, and member of parliament.

• Richard Cantillon

  Richard Cantillon, Irish born but living in Paris as a young man, from circumstances became a banker/broker there, and moved in influential, educated social circles. Intrigue, murder, posthumous plagiarism, citations by Adam Smith, rediscovery by William Stanley Jevons a century later, and a stunning work on entrepreneurial risk, money, foreign exchange, and banking from the 1700s, are all pieces of the continuing puzzle that surrounds him.

• Richard Cobden

  Richard Cobden (1804-1865) was a member of the British Parliament and an advocate of free trade, a non-interventionist foreign policy, peace, and parliamentary reform. He is best remembered for his activity on behalf of the Anti-Corn Law League which helped reduce British tariffs in 1846 and for negotiating the Anglo-French trade agreement of 1860.

• Richard Cornuelle

  Richard Cornuelle (1927-2011) greatly influenced how we think about voluntary institutions in the United States.

• Richard Cumberland

  Richard Cumberland (1632-1718) is perhaps one of the unsung heroes of the natural law tradition. He was a liberal Anglican theologian and bishop, a philosopher, and a student of science and medicine, who lived through both the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Cumberland was drawn to the use of natural law and natural rights theories as a means of combating religious conflict during the Restoration period.

• Richard De Courcy

  Vicar of St. Alkmond’s Shrewsbury, an Anglican preacher, and hymn writer.

• Richard E. Wagner

  Wagner is a professor of economics at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

• Richard Ebeling

  Dr. Richard M. Ebeling is the BB&T Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Free Enterprise Leadership at The Citadel.

• Richard Hakluyt

  Richard Hakluyt (d. 1616) was a geographer, editor, and translator of travel literature.

• Richard Henry Lee

  Richard Henry Lee was a Virginia aristocrat who opposed the ratification of the US constitution on the grounds that it took power away from the sovereign states and that it divided sovereign power in an “irrational” way.

• Richard Hey

  English academic, essayist, and barrister.

• Richard Hooker

  Hooker argued against the English Puritans that their refusal to conform to ecclesiastical law was inconsistent with the nature of political society and was a violation of their political obligations.

• Richard Overton

  Richard Overton (1631-1664) was an actor, playwright, and Leveller pamphleteer during the English Revolution. He had his own secret printing press and wrote many articles for the Leveller journal The Moderate. His most important works include Mans Mortalitie (1644), An Arrow against all Tyrants (1646), and A Defiance against all Arbitrary Usurpations (1646).

• Richard Phelps

  Undersecretary of State for Lord Sandwich and later Lord Hillsborough.

• Richard Price

  Richard Price was a Welsh-born liberal Presbyterian minister and moral philosopher. Price is perhaps best known for his vigorous defence of both the American and the French Revolutions. Price was both a supporter of the American desire for political independence and a sharp critic of the expenses of the British empire. His sermon on “The Love of One’s Country” in 1791 stimulated Burke into writing his famous critique of the French Revolution.

• Richard Samuelson

  Richard Samuelson is associate professor of history at California State University, San Bernardino where he teaches Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early Republican US history.

• Richard T. Ely

  Ely was a professor of political economy at the University of Wisconsin and a contributor to Infram's History of Political Economy.

• Richard Tuck

  Richard Tuck is a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge and Professor of Government at Harvard University.

• Richard VandeWetering

  Richard VandeWetering is an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Western Ontario.

• Richard Watson

  Bishop of Llandaff, academic, and chemist who pursued innovative scientific research and supported religious and political liberties.

• Richard Whately

  Richard Whately (1787-1863), Archbishop of Dublin and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Oxford following Nassau Senior, brought logical clarity to the previously murky relationship between morals and the underpinnings of economics.

• Richard Whatmore

  Richard Whatmore is a Reader in Intellectual History at the University of Sussex.

• Richard-John Tetlow

  An English attorney, notary public, and antiquary based in Knottingley in west Yorkshire.

• Robert A. Greene

  Robert A. Greene taught for many years at the University of Toronto, where he served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science. He has been Provost of the University of Massachusetts at Boston, where he now teaches in the English Department.

• Robert A. Nisbet

  Robert Nisbet (1913-1996), former professor of sociology at Columbia University.

• Robert Ashton

  Ashton was the Secretary of the Congregational Board in London in the mid-19th century.

• Robert Bellarmine

  Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) was a Jesuit cardinal and a celebrated professor of theology at the Roman College, of which he became rector in 1592.

• Robert D. Tollison

  Robert Tollison was a professor of economics at Clemson University.

• Robert Ernest Hume

  Hume was professor of the history of religions in the Union Theological Seminary, New York.

• Robert Francis Harper

  Harper was professor of Semitic languages at the University of Chicago.

• Robert Franklin Hoxie

  Robert F. Hoxie was a U.S. economist at the University of Chicago with a particular interest in trade and labor unions. In 1914, he published his seminal article on the subject in the JPE, around which he also based a subsequent book.

• Robert Harvey Monro Elwes

  Elwes was a 19th century translator of Spinoza's works into English.

• Robert James Mackintosh

  Robert was the son of James Mackintosh and the editor of of several of his father's works after his death.

• Robert John Walker

  Walker was an economist, a member of the Union Democrats in the U.S. Senate, and Secretary of the Treasury under Pres. Polk.

• Robert K. Faulkner

  Robert Faulkner is a Professor of Political Science at Boston College

• Robert Leroux

  Robert Leroux is a professor of sociology at the University of Ottawa. He is interested by epistemology, the history of social science, and liberal thought.

• Robert Molesworth

  Robert Molesworth (1650-1725) was a staunch defender of the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and a consistent critic of political and religious corruption. After being proscribed by James II in 1689 he fled to England where he began a long career as a diplomat (including Denmark) and politician under William III and his successors, eventually being named Viscount of Swords in 1716.

• Robert Pippin

  Professor Robert Pippin is the Chairman of the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago.

• Robert Wallace

  Robert Wallace was known by contemporaries as a leading light of Scottish philosophical circles, along with Henry Home, Hugh Blair and other writers on religious, scientific and philosophical subjects.

• Robert Y Hayne

  Robert Y. Hayne was born in South Carolina in 1791 and educated in Charleston. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1812. During the War of 1812, he served as an officer in the Third South Carolina Regiment. A member of the State House of Representatives from 1814 to 1818, Hayne was State Attorney General from 1820 to 1822, when he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate. He was reelected in 1828.

• Roderick T. Long

  Roderick T. Long is Professor of Philosophy at Auburn University, President of the Molinari Institute and Molinari Society, and a Senior Scholar of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.

• Roger Michener

  Michener was a member of the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago.

• Romesh Chunder Dutt

  Dutt was born in Bengal, studied in London, and worked for the Indian Civil Service in Bengal. He wrote an important economic history of India and translated many Indian works into English.

• Ronald H. Coase

  Ronald Coase (1910-2013) received the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1991. His articles “The Problem of Social Cost” and “The Nature of the Firm” are among the most important, and most often cited works in the whole of economic literature. He started teaching at the University of Chicago in 1964.

• Ronald Hamowy

  Dr. Ronald Hamowy was Emeritus Professor in the Department of History, University of Alberta, Edmonton. He edited Cato's Letters for Liberty Fund.

• Ronald Max Hartwell

  Max Hartwell (1921-2009) was an Australian-born historian of the Industrial Revolution who taught for many years at Nuffield College, Oxford.

• Roscoe Pound

  Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) is universally recognized as one of the most important legal minds of the early twentieth century. Considered by many to be the dean of American jurisprudence, Pound was a former Justice of the Supreme Court of Nebraska and served as dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936.

• Ross Kenyon

  Ross Kenyon is a native of the American Southwest, is a Moving Picture Institute Fellow working primarily as a writer and producer. Formerly of the Center for the Philosophy of Freedom at the University of Arizona, he serves on the Board of Directors of the Association of Libertarian Feminists and the Executive Board of Alumni For Liberty.

• Ross M. Lence

  Ross M. Lence was Professor of Political Science at the University of Houston.

• Rufus Wilmot Griswold

  Griswold was a prolific 19th century editor and author. He is most famous for his editions of Edgar Allen Poe and John Milton.

• Russell Hittinger

  Hittinger has written The First Grace: Rediscovering the Ntural Law in a Post-Christian World (2003) and the introduction to Rommen’s The Natural Law. He is Professor of Philosophy and law at the University of Tulsa.

• Saint Anselm

  Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) is generally considered to be the founder of the philosophical school of Scholasticism. He was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Middle Ages, and a major political and ecclesiastical force as well. As archbishop of Canterbury he was at the center of the lay investiture controversy in England.

• Saint Augustine

  Saint Augustine was bishop of Hippo in Roman Africa from 396 to 430 and may have been the most important theologian of the early Christian church during the last days of the western Roman Empire. His best known works are the <i>Confessions</i> and the <i>City of God.</i>

• Saint Bede

  The Venerable Saint Bede was an important Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian. He is generally best remembered for his <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation,</i> a work considered to be one of the best sources for early English history.

• Saint Benedict

  Saint Benedict 480-547) is generally considered to be the father of Western monasticism. His founding of the monastery at Monte Cassino and composition of the rules governing the Benedictine monks initiated a monastic movement that spread throughout Europe.

• Saint Francis of Assisi

  Saint Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order and was an important participant in the religious revival of the late Middle Ages.

• Saint John

  John the Apostle is traditionally considered to be the author of the three Epistles of John, the Fourth Gospel, and Revelation.

• Saint Luke

  Among Christians, Luke is customarily regarded as the author of the Third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. He was a companion of the apostle Paul and the most literary of the New Testament writers. As is the case with most of the early Christians, information about his life is scarce. The prevalence of medical terms in his writings and other sources strongly suggests that he was a physician.

• Saint Mark

  Mark was born sometime in the first century A.D. and is said to have died in Alexandria, Egypt. Information about his life is fragmentary. He went along with his brother Barnabas and Paul on their first mission to Antioch (Antakaya, Turkey). Barnabas and Mark left the mission early for unknown reasons and went to Cyprus. Mark was later active in the missionary work of both Peter and Paul in Rome.By tradition, he is the author of the second of the synoptic Gospels.

• Saint Matthew

  One of the Twelve Apostles, Matthew is traditionally considered the author of the first of the three synoptic Gospels. Very little is known about his life, including the circumstances and dates of his birth and death.

• Saint Paul

  St. Paul the Apostle (10-67) was one of the most influential members of the early Christian church whose writings make up nearly one-third of the New Testament. He was born a Jew and a Roman, converted to Christianity and was eventually martyred in Rome.

• Sampson S. Lloyd

  The translator of Friedrich List.

• Samuel

  Samuel was important in the transition of Israel from a tribal existence under the judges to the establishment of a monarchy. He is described in the first half of I Samuel as a priest, a prophet, a judge, and a military leader.

• Samuel Estwick

  Samuel Estwick (?1736-1795) was closely connected to Barbados and referred to himself as assistant agent for that colony. In earlier works he blamed imperial policy for slavery, disputed the characterization of colonials as barbarians, and, in 1776, contended for leaving them to their own self-government, sharing with the North Americans the view that Parliament had no right to impose internal taxes, but nevertheless supporting imperial regulation and protection.

• Samuel Fortrey

  Fortrey was a gentleman of the King’s Bench and an early writer on economic matters. He was in favor of enlcosures and the right of foreigners to settle in England and buy land.

• Samuel Johnson

  Surrounded by books from the beginning of his life as the son of a bookseller, Samuel Johnson grew up to become a literary figure equalled only by such geniuses as Shakespeare and Voltaire. He famously compiled A Dictionary of the English Language, which reached beyond the typical word list to include thorough definitions and advice about usage.

• Samuel Laing

  Laing translated the Heimskringla into English.

• Samuel Macauley Jackson

  Jackson was a Professor of Church History at New York University.

• Samuel Moore

  A translator of Marx into Engish.

• Samuel Rawson Gardiner

  Gardiner was a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford and an historian of the English Revolution.

• Samuel Smiles

  Samuel Smiles (1812-1904) was a Scot who originally trained as a doctor before turning to journalism full-time. Smiles wrote for a popular audience to show people how best to take advantage of the changes being brought about by the industrial revolution which was sweeping Britain and other parts of the world in the first half of the 19th century.

• Samuel von Pufendorf

  Samuel Pufendorf was born in Saxony in 1632, the son of a Lutheran clergyman. He studied at Leipzig and Jena and held the first modern professorship in natural law, at the University of Heidelberg.

• Sandra J. Peart

  Sandra J. Peart is dean of the University of Richmond’s Jepson School of Leadership Studies, E. Claiborne Robins Distinguished Professor, and President of the Jepson Scholars Foundation.

• Sanford Ikeda

  Sanford Ikeda is professor emeritus of economics at Purchase College of the State University of New York, a research fellow at New York University, and a past president of the Society for the Development of Austrian Economics.

• Seymour Cain

  Cain translated Bastiat's essays for FEE.

• Shapurji Aspaniarji Kapadia

  Kapadia wrote on Buddhism and Zorastrianism in the early 20th century.

• Shelagh Eltis

  Shelagh Eltis is a historian and graduate of Somerville College, Oxford, U.K.

• Sheldon Richman

  Sheldon Richman runs the blog Free Association and is a frequent columnist for several websites.

• Sherwin Rosen

  Sherwin Rosen was the Edwin A. and Betty L. Bergman Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago. One of the leading macroeconomists in the United States, Rosen researched such fields as theoretical and empirical work on income distribution, dynamics of professional labor markets, health economics, social security, and group decision-making

• Sidney Norton Deane

  Sidney Norton Deane was the translator of St. Anselm’s major philosophical and religious writings at the turn of the 19th century. He also wrote a lengthy introduction to this volume in which he shows the impact of St. Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God has had on later philsoophers.

• Simon Newcomb

  Simon Newcomb, Canadian-born, home-educated astronomer and mathematician who supervised the revamping of the telescopes at the United States Naval Observatory, plotted the orbits of Uranus, Neptune, and the moon, and taught at Johns Hopkins University, had an ongoing skill and interest in illuminating complex theories and evidence in plain language.

• Simone Zurbuchen

  Simone Zurbuchen is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Zurbuchen is the author of <i>Naturrecht und natürliche Religion. Zur Geschichte des Toleranzbegriffs von Samuel Pufendorf bis Jean-Jacques Rousseau</i> (Natural Law and Natural Religion. On the Concept of Toleration from Samuel Pufendorf to Jean-Jacques Rousseau), a major work in its field.

• Sir Alan Walters

  As economic advisor to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Sir Alan Walters was an important figure in the transformation of economic policy, and resulting unprecedented boom, that took place in the United Kingdom during the 1980’s.

• Sir Dudley North

  Dudley North was a very successful English merchant who made a fortune in Turkey before returning to London. He was sheriff of London, a commissioner for the customs and an agent in the treasury as well as a Tory member of Parliament during the reign of James II. His <em>Discourses upon Trade</em> is one of the earliest attempts to theorize as a whole the workings of a market economy in England.

• Sir Edward Coke

  Sir Edward Coke (pronounced cook) (1552-1634) was a lawyer, Member of Parliament, and judge of great renown. He is considered one of the premier champions of the common law, which he defended against the attempted encroachments of the courts of equity and the royal prerogative of the Stuarts—James I (r. 1603-1625) in particular.

• Sir Edwin Chadwick

  Chadwick was the literary assistant to Jeremy Bentham before having a career as an influential reformer of the English government. He was appointed to the Royal Commission which investigated reforms to the Poor Laws and then spent much of the rest of his life writing about and reforming the sanitary conditions in Britain.

• Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge

  Budge was a prolific author who wrote on Egyptology and Ancient Sumeria in the early 20th century.

• Sir Francis Bacon

  Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was trained as a lawyer but made a name for himself as one of the clearest exponents of the scientific method at the dawn of the scientific revolution in the 16th and early 17th centuries. He argued that knowledge about the natural world could be best acquired through direct observation, experiment, and the testing of an hypothesis.

• Sir Frederick Pollock

  Sir Frederick Pollock (1845–1937) was educated at Eton before going to Trinity College, Cambridge. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and to the Privy Council in 1911. He taught at the University of Oxford from 1883 to 1903, where he was a Fellow of Corpus Christi College.

• Sir George Webbe Dasent

  Dasent was a scholar of Old Norse and Icelandic literature.

• Sir Henry Sumner Maine

  Sir Henry Sumner Maine (1822-1888) was one of the great intellects of the Victorian era. He trained as a lawyer, taught Civil Law at Cambridge University, served at the Inns of Court in London, worked on law reform in India, and was a professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University. He wrote several books including <i>Ancient Law</i> (1861) and <i>Popular Government</i> (1885).

• Sir Isaac Newton

  Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientific minds of all time. His work laid the foundations for modern physics, astronomy, and, along with Wilhelm Leibniz, mathematics. His contribution to modern science is aptly described as the "Newtonian revolution." Newton’s best known contribution to science is in the field of mechanics and is described in his famous work <i>Principia</i> (1687), which explains the laws governing the motion of physical objects.

• Sir James Donaldson

  One of the editors of the 10 volume collection of writings of the Anti-Nicen Fathers.

• Sir James Mackintosh

  James Mackintosh was a prominent Scottish Whig politician, a moral philosopher, and a historian of England.

• Sir Louis Mallet

  A Member of Parliament and supporter of free trade who edited Cobden's wrtiings and wrote pamphlets for the Cobden Club. Mallet also wrote a lengthy essay on the political thought of Richard Cobden in the introduction to the Political Writings of Richard Cobden.

• Sir Richard C. Jebb

  Jebb was Regius Professor of Greek and Fellow of Trinity College at Cambridge University who translated and edited works by Homer, Sophocles, and Milton.

• Sir Robert Cotton

  Author of an early tract on money which appeared in McCulloch's collection.

• Sir Robert Filmer

  Sir Robert Filmer (1588-1653) was a strong advocate of the theory of the divine right of kings in the 17th century. His book <i>Patriarcha</i> provoked John Locke into penning a critique.

• Sir Sidney Lee

  Lee was a Shakespeare scholar who edited a fascimile edition of Shakespeares’ and was one of the editors of the British Dictionary of National Biography in the late 19th century.

• Sir Thomas Little Heath

  Heath was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and an authority on ancient Greek science.

• Sir Thomas More

  Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was an English lawyer, privy councillor, and Speaker of the House of Parliament before he ran afoul of the Anglican Church for not compromising his Catholic beliefs by refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as the sole head of the church. He was beheaded for this refusal. He is famous for his political work Utopia (1516) in which there was no private property, widespread use of slaves, and an internal passport for travel was required.

• Sir Thomas North

  North's translations of Plutarch had a considerable impact on the development of the English language and were used as sources by Shakespeare in the writing of several of his plays.

• Sir William Blackstone

  Sir William Blackstone’s (1723-1780) four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England assures him a place in history as one of the greatest scholars of English common law. Blackstone began his lectures on the common law in 1753. His Commentaries served as a primary instruction tool in England and America well into the nineteenth century and exerted a pronounced influence on the development of the American legal tradition.

• Sir William Clarke

  Clarke studied law before joining the New Model Army as an assistant to the Secretary of the General. He participated in the invasion of Scotland and served as secretary of the Army of Occupation of Scotland. After the Restoration of the monarchy he was knighted and served as Secretary at War in 1661. He was mortally wounded in a sea battle against the Dutch in 1666.

• Sir William Hamilton

  Hamilton was an influential professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh.

• Sir William James Ashley

  Ashley was a prolific economic historian who wrote on the English coal industry, the British empire, German economic history, tariffs, and edited an important edition of Mill's Principles of Political Economy.

• Sir William Molesworth

  Molesworth was a member of the House of Commons and stood as the liberal candidate for Southwark. He edited the works of Thomas Hobbes.

• Sir William Petty

  One of the pioneers of economic thought well before Adam Smith. He was a secretary to Thomas Hobbes.

• Sir William Searle Holdsworth

  Holdsworth was the Vinerian Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford.

• Snorre Sturlason

  Snorre Sturlason (1179-1241) was an Icelandic chief and scholar who collected and wrote down sagas about the first Kings of Norway.

• Soame Jenyns

  Soame Jenyns was an MP for Cambridgeshire and a commissioner of the Board of Trade.

• Sophocles

  Perhaps the greatest of Athens’s playwrights Sophocles is known to have written at least 123 dramas, of which only 7 survive. His best-known work is Oedipus Rex.

• St. George Tucker

  St. George Tucker was an officer in the American Revolutionary Army, a Professor of Law, justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia,

• St. Thomas Aquinas

  Aquinas was born near Aquino, Sicily and was an Italian Dominican theologian whose scholarship propelled him to the first rank among the Scholastics of the Middle Ages. His major works are the Summa theologica and the Summa contra gentiles.

• Stefan Collini

  Stefan Collini is Reader in Intellectual History at the University of Sussex.

• Stefania Tutino

  Stefania Tutino is a Professor of History and Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara.

• Stephen B. Presser

  Presser teaches at Northwestern Univesity School of Law.

• Stephen Davies

  Stephen Davies is education director at the Institute of Economic Affairs in London.

• Stephen Erickson

  Erickson is the E. Wilson Lyon Professor of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy at Pomona College in Claremont, California.

• Stephen J. Tonsor

  Stephen Tonsor is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Michigan.

• Stephen Mackenna

  Mackenna translated the works of Plotinus.

• Stephen Sayre

  A supporter of the American cause and a merchant with Caribbean ties.

• Steve Shepherd

  Steve Sheppard is a professor at the School of Law, University of Arkansas. He writes on constitutional history and theory, legal history, property law, and general jurisprudence, and he has edited <em>The Historyof Legal Education</em>(Salem Press, 1998).

• Steven Kates

  Steven Kates is an associate professor of economics at RMIT University in Melbourne. He has written Free Market Economics: An Introduction for the General Reader (Elgar 2014).

• Stuart D. Warner

  Stuart D. Warner is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Roosevelt University in Chicago.

• Suetonius Tranquillus

  A Roman historian who served under Pliny and Emperors Trajan and Hadrian as a secretary and administrator.

• Syed Nawab Ali

  Nawab was a professor of Persian at the College, Baroda, India.

• T.W. Rolleston

  Rolleston (1857-1920) was an Irish poet and writer who was interested in Celtic myths and complied an important collection of stories which appeared in 1911. After living for a period in Germany he also became interested in the mythology behind Wagner's Ring Cycle. Rolleston also introduced and edited Shelley's long lost and forgotten essay on "Philosophical Reform" in 1920.

• Tench Coxe

  “An American Citizen” was the pseudonym of Tench Coxe, of Pennsylvania, a member of the Annapolis Convention and the Continental Congress, and author of a number of pamphlets on the finances and commerce of the United States.

• Terrence O. Moore

  Terrence O. Moore, Jr., earned his doctorate in history from the University of Edinburgh. He is Principal of Ridgeview Classical Schools in Fort Collins, Colorado, and was formerly Assistant Professor of History at Ashland University in Ohio.

• Tertullian

  Tertullian was born in Carthage (modern Tunisia) and one of the leaders of the early Christian church.

• Theodore D. Woolsey

  Woolsey edited the third edition of Francis Lieber's On Civil Liberty.

• Theodore Frank Thomas Plucknett

  Theodore Plucknett (1897-1965) was an English legal historian. In 1923 he was appointed by Roscoe Pound as professor of legal history at Harvard Law School where he remained until 1931. He was then appointed to the first chair of Legal History at the London where he remained until his retirement in 1963.

• Theodore Sedgwick, Jr.

  Theodore Sedgwick (1811-1859) was the US Attorney for the southern district of New York and edited the political writings of the Jacksonian era laissez-faire democrat William Leggett.

• Theophilus Dorrington

  The son of nonconformist parents, Dorrington turned against the Dissenters and became a Member of the Church of England. In 1710 he obtained his M.A. at Magdalen College, Oxford. He died in 1715.

• Theophilus Philadelphus

  Theophilus Philadelphus was a pseudonym used by a number of writers both in England and Germany dating back to the Reformation to convey the character of one who loved both god and humanity.

• Thomas Ahnert

  Thomas Ahnert is a Lecturer in History at the University of Edinburgh.

• Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

  Lord Macaulay, born Thomas Babington (1800-1859), was an English historian, peer, politician, and poet. He was an active opponent of slavery, a supporter of education and equality in India, and instrumental to parliamentary reform to increase representation of cities that had become unrepresented relative to rural areas during the rapid industrial growth. He authored a five-volume work on the History of England, and wrote numerous clear-minded, critical essays.

• Thomas Bedingfeld

  Bedingfeld translated Machiavelli's Florentine History in 1595.

• Thomas Behme

  Thomas Behme is a member of the Institute for Philosophy at the Free University of Berlin and wrote his PhD on Samuel von Pufendorf: Naturrecht und Staat: eine Analyse und Interpretation seiner Theorie, ihrer Grundlagen und Probleme (1995).

• Thomas Blacklock

  Poet and scholar who had trained for the ministry but was rejected by the parish on account of prejudice against blindness.

• Thomas Clarkson

  Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846) was the leading opponent of the slave trade and slavery in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His opposition was was based on religious (he was an evangelical Anglican), moral, political, and economic grounds and he had an enormous impact in Europe and the United States.

• Thomas Crowley

  Quaker, merchant, and writer on both faith and politics.

• Thomas D. Kennedy

  Thomas D. Kennedy is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Valparaiso University. In addition to his work on David Fordyce, he has written on William Leechman and the Glasgow Enlightenment, and on moral theology in eighteenth-century Scotland.

• Thomas Day

  English writer, lawyer, and abolitionist.

• Thomas G. West

  Thomas G. West is a professor of politics at the University of Dallas.

• Thomas Gordon

  Thomas Gordon (1692-1750) was a radical Whig and Commonwealthman who, along with his collaborator John Trenchard (1662-1723), were important voices defending constitutionalism and individual liberty in the 1720s in England. Little is known of Gordon's early life but he came to prominence by co-writing The Independent Whig (1720-21) and Cato's Letters (1720-23) with Trenchard.

• Thomas Hart Benton

  Thomas Hart Benton was born in North Carolina in 1782. He was a member of the state Senate from 1809 to 1811.

• Thomas Henry Arnold (the younger)

  Arnold taught at the University of Oxford and edited the works of John Wyclif. He is the grandfather of author Aldous Huxley.

• Thomas Hobbes

  Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who lived during the English Revolution. He is most famous for his work of political philosophy <i>The Leviathan</i>.

• Thomas Hodgskin

  Thomas Hodgskin (1787-1869) was an officer in the British Navy before leaving because of his opposition to the brutal treatment of sailors. He worked for the free trade magazine The Economist and wrote and lectured on laissez-faire economic ideas to working men’s institutes.

• Thomas Holcroft

  A prolific 18th century author, translator, and playwright.

• Thomas Hollis

  Thomas Hollis (1720-1774) came from a radical family and was an important member of the so-called eighteenth century commonwealth men. He edited the works of earlier radical thinkers like John Locke, John Toland, and Algernon Sidney. His edition of Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1764) was widely circulated in the American colonies and helped spread Lockean ideas of property rights and limited government.

• Thomas Hutchinson

  Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780) was a businessman, historian, and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution. He was lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774.

• Thomas J. Dymes

  Dymes tauht at Lincoln College, Oxford and was a translator of Aristotle.

• Thomas Jefferson

  Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), a Virginian, was the author of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), an active participant in the Revolution, Governor of Virginia (1779), member of Congress, Minister to France, Secretary of State under President Washington, and president of the United States (1800). He was a polymath who wrote on and was knowledgeable about science, architecture, music, agriculture, law, education, geography, and music.

• Thomas Kingsmill Abbott

  Thomas Kingsmill Abbott was an Irish scholar who wrote on Irish history and the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.

• Thomas Mackay

  Thomas Mackay (1849-1912) was a successful Scottish wine merchant who retired early from business so he could devote himself entirely to the study of economic issues such as the Poor Laws, growing state intervention in the economy, and the rise of socialism.

• Thomas Mortimer

  Vice-Consul for the Austrian Netherlands (1762-1768) and writer on finance and political economy.

• Thomas Mun

  Mun was a successful London trader and a director of the East India Company. He was a mercantilist who defended the right of the East India Company to export bullion and a critic of the writings of Gerard de Malynes.

• Thomas Nugent

  Nugent translated Montesquieu, Burlamaqui, and Vattel into English.

• Thomas Olivers

  Methodist preacher and hymn writer

• Thomas Paine

  Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was a vigorous defender of and participant in both the American and French Revolutions. His most famous work is <i>Common Sense</i> (1776) which was an early call for the independence of the American colonies from Britain. His other well known work is <i>The Rights of Man</i> (1791) which was a reply to Burke’s critique of the French Revolution.

• Thomas Parker

  Thomas Parker was a writer on law, finance and trade, knowledgeable about the various settlements and regions of the British Empire. He was a member of Lincoln’s Inn, one of four Inns of Court in London to which barristers of both England and Wales belonged. He had written extensively on the misdeeds of the East India Company in 1763 and had been a staunch critic on both moral and commercial grounds of imperial policies respecting native inhabitants of the regions colonized by Britain.

• Thomas Paynell

  Paynell was an English Renaissance author who translated a number of Latin works into English.

• Thomas Penrose

  Sailor, minister, and poet.

• Thomas Pink

  Thomas Pink is Professor of Philosophy at King’s College London. Some of his publications include Free Will: A Very Short Introduction and The Will and Human Action: From Antiquity to the Present Day.

• Thomas Pownall

  Thomas Pownall, born in Lincoln, England, educated for public service, became lieutenant governor of New Jersey,1755; governor of Massachusetts, 1757 to 1760; and member of Parliament, 1767 to 1780.

• Thomas R. Hanley

  Hanley translated Heinrich Rommen's The Natural Law.

• Thomas Rainborough

  Rainborough was a seaman, rising to the rank of Vice-Admiral of the fleet in 1648, a Colonel in the New Model Army, and member of parliament. He allied himslef with the Levellers and defended their cause in the Putney Debates of 1647. He was assassinated in 1648 and his funeral was used by the Levellers for political purposes.

• Thomas Reid

  Reid was the professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh and founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense.

• Thomas Robert Malthus

  Following his success with his work on population, Thomas Malthus (1766-1823) published often from his economics position on the faculty at the East India College at Haileybury.

• Thomas Wentworth Higginson

  Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1823-1911) was a prolific author and editor who was active in Abolitionist circles before the Civil War. During the war he commanded an all-black regiment and wrote about his experiences after the war. At the end of the 19th century he was active in the Anti-Imperialist League in Boston which opposed American intervention in the Philippines.

• Thomas Whately

  Thomas Whately served as Secretary to the Treasury under Lord Grenville, and as Under-secretary of State under Lord North

• Thomas Wycliffe

  A late 18th-century Liverpool merchant who appears to have been involved in the transatlantic slave trade. Wycliffe nevertheless advocated for Whig principles that emphasized local representation and opposed Parliamentary supremacy. Little else is known of his life.

• Thorstein Veblen

  A pioneer American sociologist who is best remembered for his work on the “leisure class” in America.

• Thucydides

  Thucydides, who lived during the second half of the fifth century B.C., is considered the greatest of the ancient Greek historians. His work, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, recounts the fifth-century B.C. struggle between Athens and Sparta and is the first piece of historical writing to combine political and ethical reflections with history. His personal history is unknown except for the small bits of information revealed in his narrative.

• Tibor R. Machan

  Tibor R. Machan is a Hoover research fellow, Professor Emeritus, Department of Philosophy, Auburn University, Alabama, and holds the R. C. Hoiles Endowed Chair in Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Business & Economics, Chapman University.

• Titus Livius (Livy)

  Titus Livius (Livy) (59 BC - 17 AD) is best known for his massive (but largely lost) History of Rome from its founding up to the reign of Augustus. Although written during Augustus’s reign Livy takes a pro-republican viewpoint.

• Titus Lucretius Carus

  Lucretius was a Roman poet and Epicurian philosopher. Only one of his works is known to have survived, On the Nature of Things.

• Titus Pomponius Atticus, Junior

  This is a pseudonym to reference the famous highly cultured Roman who claimed to be above the factions causing civil strife at the time of the late Republic. He was a close associate of Cicero. To apply the "Junior" at the end of the pseudonym is to claim affinity as his heir in the time of British imperial strife.

• Tobias Smollett

  Smollett was a picaresque novelist, historian, and wrote notes to the Works of Voltaire.

• Tommaso Campanella

  Campanella was a Dominican monk who was a critic of Aristotelianism, an astrologer, and an advocate of a society based on the community of goods. He served 27 years in prison for his views where he wrote his most famous work City of the Sun.

• Trevor Colbourn

  Harold Trevor Colbourn was an Australian professor and academic administrator, who served as the second president of the University of Central Florida.

• Vera C. Smith

  Vera Smith was born in England in 1912. She spent her professional life in a variety of research positions and wrote many articles on money, banking, the theory of the firm, economic development, and the labour market.

• Vicesimus Knox

  Vicesimus Knox (1752-1821) was an English minister who ran afoul of the British authorities in the 1790s with his sermons opposing the war against the French. He was educated at home by his father, attended St. John’s College, Oxford, where he became a fellow, and then was headmaster of Tonbridge School from 1778 to 1812. His main work, <i>The Spirit of Despotism</i>, is an analysis of how political despotism at home can arise under the cover of fighting a foreign war.

• Victor Hugo

  Hugo was one of France's leading literary figures during the 19th century. He wrote plays, poetry, essays, and novels (such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame) and was an important part of the French Romantic movement. He went into exile during the Second Empire (1852-1870) in opposition to Emerpror Napoleon III.

• Vida Dutton Scudder

  Vida Scudder was a prolific author who published in the early 20th century on topics as diverse as English literature, Christianity, and socialism. We have used her edition of Bede's <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> for which she wrote an introduction.

• Vincent Wheeler Bladen

  Bladen is a Canadian economist who was an editor of Mill's Principles of Political Economy and wrote on the history of economic thought.

• Virgil

  Virgil is regarded as the greatest of the Roman poets. His epic poem, <i>the Aeneid</i>, has been of continuing importance to Western literature. Products of the chaos of the Roman civil war years, Virgil’s works show a longing for a more peaceful ordering of society. Virgil’s importance to world literature is difficult to overestimate. Later poets and writers have venerated and sought to imitate him. Among his more famous admirers were Dante and Milton who composed epic poems on his model.

• Viscount James Bryce

  Viscount James Bryce (1838-1922) was a British jurist, historian, and statesman. From 1907 to 1913 he was England’s ambassador to the United States.

• Voltaire

  Voltaire (1694-1778) was one of the leading figures of the French Enlightenment.

• W Hayden Boyers

• Walter Bagehot

  Walter Bagehot (1826-1877), a British journalist and early editor of <i>The Economist,</i> specialized in institutional economic issues. He had a particular interest in central banks, interest rates, and the money supply. His writings on how monetary institutions (today called Central Banks) behave and why, and how they interact with “credit cycles” (today called business cycles) influenced later institutions from the Federal Reserve System to the International Monetary Fund.

• Walter E. Grinder

  Walter was a founder and executive director of the Center for Libertarian Studies in New York in the 1970s and delivered lectures on a variety of topics for the Cato Institute’s summer seminar programs during that period

• Walter E. Williams

  Walter Williams was John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason Univeristy, Fairfax, Virginia.

• Walter Eltis

  Walter Eltis is an Emeritus Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Visiting Professor of Economics at the University of Reading, U.K.

• Walter John Sedgefield

  Sedgefield was a scholar of Old English literature.

• Walter W. Skeat

  Skeat was Erlington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.

• Wilhelm von Humboldt

  Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) was described by Friedrich Hayek as “Germany’s greatest philosopher of freedom.” Humboldt wrote a path-breaking defense of the minimal state which had a profound influence on John Stuart Mill. Humboldt later became Director of the Section for Public Worship and Education, in the Ministry of Interior. In this capacity, he directed the reorganization of the Prussian public education system, and, in particular, founded the University of Berlin.

• William A. Smart

  Smart was an English economist and translator who did much to make the works of the Austrian School available to the Engish-speaking world.

• William Abbott Oldfather

  William Abbott Oldfather was Professor of Classics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

• William Allen

  William Allen, Esq. is the author of at least one Revolutionary War era pamphlet, "The American Crisis: A Letter, Addressed by Permission to the Earl of Gower . . . On the present alarming Disturbances in the Colonies" (London, April 16, 1774).

• William Amasa Scott

  Scott was professor of Political Economy at the University of Wisconsin and a contributor to Ingram's History of Political Economy.

• William B. Todd

  William B. Todd was The Mildred Caldwell and Baine Perkins Kerr Centennial Professor Emeritus in English History and Culture at the University of Texas at Austin.

• William Barclay Allen

  William B. Allen is a Visiting Scholar in Conservative Thought and Policy at the University of Colorado Boulder's Center for Western Civilization, Thought & Policy

• William Blake

  Blake was an English poet and illustrator. He was influenced by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions and mixed in radical circles which included Priestley, Price, Wollstonecraft, Paine, and Godwin. He is best known for his poems Songs of Innocence and Experience and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, as well as for his illustrations of books such as Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the Bible (Job), Dante's Inferno, and Milton's Paradise Lost.

• William Bollan

  William Bollan, born and educated in England, was hired to serve as colonial agent for Massachusetts from about 1746 to 1762.

• William Brough

  William Brough was born in 1826 in Kelso, Scotland. In his early childhood, the family moved first to Canada and then to Vermont. He began to study medicine but gave it up for business. He moved to New York in 1849 and then to Pennsylvania, where he was a pioneer in the development of the oil industry. He became the first president of the Oil Producer’s Association, and was involved in some important U.S.-Russian oil ventures.

• William C. Dennis

  William Dennis was a professor of American history at Denison University in Ohio from 1968 through 1984, and then held various positions at Liberty Fund, Inc. from 1985 to 2001.

• William Carew Hazlett

  A prolific 19th century essayist and editor.

• William Cobbett

  William Cobbett (1763-1835) was an idiosyncratic English Radical who had a large influence on ordinary working people with his many pamphlets and cheap copies of his long running weekly newspaper The Register. He advocated electoral reform and Catholic emancipation, and opposed the protectionist Corn Laws and paper money. Cobbett was a pioneer in popular journalism which he used to oppose what he termed "The Thing", or the privileged ruling elite which ruled Britain in the early 19th century.

• William Cooke Taylor

  W.C. Taylor (1800-1849) was an Irish author and supporter of the Anti-Corn Law League. He wrote prolifically on Irish history, on the British factory system, and was editor of the Anti-Corn Law League’s journal. He also edited Beaumont’s book on Ireland.

• William Cullen Bryant

  A prolific author and poet.

• William Draper

  Lieutenant General, hero of the Seven Years War, and an innovator of the rules of the game of cricket.

• William Dudley Foulke

  Foulke edited several volumes of poetry including a collection oby Petrarch.

• William Dyer Grampp

  William Grampp (1914-2019) was an economist with a strong interest in the history of economic thought. He wrote on the history of economic liberalism and the Manchester School of economics.

• William Edward Hartpole Lecky

  William Lecky (1838-1903) was an Irish essayist and historian who wrote on the rise of rationalism in Europe, the history of 18th century England, the spread of the franchise (which he opposed), and Irish Home Rule (which he also opposed). He was a member of the British Parliament and of the British Academy but turned down an offer for the Regius chair of modern history at Oxford University (possibly because he feared it would interrupt his busy writing schedule).

• William Edward Soothill

  Soothill was Principal of the Imperial University of Shansi.

• William Emerson

  William Emerson (1769–1811). The son of William Emerson—a Congregational pastor at Concord Church who was present at the Battle of Concord—and the father of Ralph Waldo Emerson (the fourth of eight children), Emerson was a Unitarian clergyman and pastor of the First Church in Boston after 1799.

• William F. Fleming

  William F. Fleming was the translator of the multi-volume edition of the Works of Voltaire.

• William Findley

  William Findley (1742-1821) was an important, if lesser-known, politician during the early national period of American history.

• William George Pogson Smith

  Pogson Smith was the editor of the 1909 edition of Hobbes’s <i>Leviathan</i> and wrote an introduction on the philosophy of Hobbes.

• William Godwin

  William Godwin (1757-1836) was an English radical political philosopher and novelist. He was married to Mary Wollstonecraft.

• William Graham Sumner

  William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) was one of the founding father’s of American sociology. Although he trained as an Episcopalian clergyman, Sumner went on to teach at Yale University where he wrote his most influential works. His interests included money and tariff policy, critiques of socialism, social classes, and anti-imperialism.

• William Greatrakes

  An Irish Barrister with ties to Lord Shelburne. He was a possible contributor to the Whig essays of Junius.

• William Hastie

  Hastie was an important late 19th century translator of Kant's work into English.

• William Hazlitt

  Hazlitt translated numerous works into English, including works by Alfred de Vigny, François Guizot, Armand Carrel, Jules Michelet and Augustin Thierry.

• William Henry Chamberlin

  William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) was an American journalist best known for his writings on the Cold War, Communism, and U.S. foreign policy.

• William Henry Hadow

  Hadow wrote on music and English literature. He contributed the volume on "The Viennese Period" to the Oxford History of Music and edited the Oxford Treasury of English Literature.

• William James Craig

  William Craig (1843 - 1906) taught at Trinity College, Dubin and was the editor of the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of the works of Shakespeare.

• William James Henderson

  Henderson wrote many works on singing and edited a number of opera, including Verdi's Aidia.

• William James Hicke

  William James Hicke was professor of Greek at St. John's College, Cambridge.

• William Jennings

  Jennings was chaplain of St. John's Cathedral in Hong Hong and the translator of the classic collection of Chinese poetry known as the Shih Ching.

• William Johnson Fox

  William Johnson Fox (1786-1864) was an English Member of Parliament and one of the best free trade orators in the years leading up to the repeal of the protectionist Corn Laws in January 1846. He sat in Parliament between 1847 to 1862 representing Oldham.

• William Kemp Lowther Clarke

  Clarke was a Doctor of Divinity who wrote prolifically on church history.

• William King

  Poet, miscellaneous writer, and satirist associated with the early Tory and High Church party.

• William Knox

  William Knox was one of the most insightful commentators in England on American independence.

• William Leggett

  William Leggett (1801-1839) was a Jacksonian era journalist and the intellectual leader of the laissez-faire wing of Jacksonian democracy He was a founder of the Plain Dealer and began his career as a poet and gravitated toward writing impassioned editorials in support of individual liberties and private property rights while working with William Cullen Bryant at the Evening Post.

• William Mason

  Poet and garden designer.

• William Melmoth

  Melmoth's translation of Pliny's letters were published in the Harvard Classics.

• William Meredith

  A minor Baron, a Member of Parliament, and Lord of the Admiralty from 1765 to 1766.

• William Mildmay

  William Mildmay was a Commissioner to France who wrote several books on politics, travel, and trade.

• William Molyneux

  Molyneux wrote an influential work which defended the right of Irish independence from the British Crown and opposed British mercantilist policies.

• William Moore

  William Moore is the name of a critic of the ministerial government of George III who had written other earlier pieces such as the North Briton Extraordinary and the Whisperers, and may also have contributed to The Crisis, a series of pamphlets published anonymously between January 1775 and October 1776 that shared a similar style and tone. Little, however, is known of his personal details.

• William Morris

  Morris was a famous late-19th century English artist, critic, translator, and socialist.

• William Murchison

  William Murchison is chief editorial writer for the Dallas Morning News. He holds an M.A. in history from Stanford University.

• William Murray, First Earl of Mansfield

  Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench.

• William Paley

  William Paley (1743-1805) was an 18th century English moral philosopher who became an influential teacher at the University of Cambridge. His major work, <i>The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy</i> (1785) played a vital role in disseminating utilitarian ideas in England.

• William Penn

  William Penn (1644-1718) lived during the two great political and religious upheavals in seventeenth-century England: the Civil Wars of the 1640s and the 1688 Revolution. He was expelled from Christ Church College, Cambridge, for religious nonconformity, and in 1667 he converted to Quakerism. After his conversion, he worked as a preacher, writer, and spokesman for the Quakers, promoting religious liberty and attempting to advance the interests of the Quakers in the American colonies.

• William Pitt

  Lord Privy Seal and Prime Minister 1766-68. Supported repeal of the Stamp Act.

• William Prynne

  William Prynne (1600-1669) was a lawyer and pamphleteer who was active during the 1640s on the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War. He was commissioned to write the main defence of Parliament against the crown in the early 1640s.

• William Richard Allen

  William R. Allen taught at Washington University prior to joining the UCLA faculty in 1952. Along with research primarily in international economics and the history of economic theory, he concentrated on teaching economics. Universal Economics is his third textbook collaboration with Armen Alchian.

• William Robertson

  William Robertson (1721-1793) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister, Principal (Chancellor) of the University of Edinburgh (1762-93), historian, and an important figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. He was one of the original members of the Select Society, which included Hume, Smith, Ferguson, Monboddo, and Kames, among others. He wrote a History of Scotland (1759), a History of Europe during the reign of Charles V (1769), and a History of America (1777).

• William Shakespeare

  William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is probably the best known poet and playwright of the English language. He is considered by many to be the greatest poet and dramatist of all time. The plays he wrote nearly four hundred years ago for a small theater in London are now performed in more countries and more often than those of any other playwright.

• William Sharp McKechnie

  McKechnie was lecturer on constitutional law and history in the University of Glasgow.

• William Smith

  William Smith was born in South Carolina in 1762. He was elected as a Republican to the state senate from 1803 to 1808, and was elected judge of the South Carolina circuit court from 1808 to 1816. Smith was elected to the United States Senate in 1816, serving one term. He was an ardent defender of states&rsquo; rights and an opponent of banks, capitalism, internal improvements, and the protective tariff.

• William Stanley Jevons

  Jevons was born in Liverpool, England and studied chemistry and botany at University College, London before taking up the position of assayer at the Mint in Sydney, Australia. He was later appointed to the post of chair in political economy at his alma mater and retired from there in 1880. He is one of three economists (along with Walras and Menger) who came up with a theory of marginal utility in 1871, thus transforming our understanding the theory of value.

• William Stevens

  Influential English High Church layman, writer, and successful London textile merchant.

• William Talbot Allison

  Allison edited and annotated Milton's Tenure of Kings and Magistrates as his PhD thesis which was subsequently published by Yale University.

• William W. Goodwin

  Goodwin was professor of Greek literature at Harvard University.

• William Walwyn

  William Walwyn (1600-1681) was one of the leading Leveller pamphleteers and activists during the 1640s.

• William Welwod

  A Scottish jurist who opposed Grotius’s defense of the freedom of the seas. Welwod used Scripture to argue that in some cases the sea could be occupied and that exclusive national rights over territorial waters could be claimed.

• William Weston

  Weston is president emeritus of Foundation Francisco Marroquin, a U.S. effort launched in 1981 by three Californian professors of economics: Armen Alchian, J. Clayburn La Force, and Athur Kemp, to support education in market principles in Latin America.

• William Wollaston

  William Wollaston (1660-1724) was an English philosopher whose most popular work was The Religion of Nature Delineated (1722) which went through many editions. In Section VI he has a defence of natural rights to property.

• William Young

  Sir William Young was a conservative member of parliament, a strong pro-slavery advocate, and a plantation owner in St Vincent and Tobago,

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

  One of the most gifted classical composers who died tragically young. Mozart was very much influenced by the Enlightenment and was active in Freemason circles in Vienna where enlightened ideas were discussed.

• Wolfgang Leidhold

  Wolfgang Leidhold is Professor of Political Science at the University of Cologne.

• Wordsworth Donisthorpe

  Wordsworth Donisthorpe (1847-1914). Very little is known about the private life of Donisthorpe other than his father was a prosperous textile manufacturer, that he was a barrister, and that he also had a private income which enabled him to be active in promoting chess, inventing an early moving picture camera, and radical libertarian politics.

• Worthington Chauncey Ford

  Worthington Ford (1868-1941) was an American historian and an important early editor of collections of the writings of several Founding Fathers. He worked as the chief of the Bureau of Statistics for the U.S. Department of State (1885–1889), chief of the Manuscripts Division at the Library of Congress (1902-1908), and was appointed President of the American Historical Association in 1917..

• Wu Ting Fang

  Wu Ting Fang was the Chinese ambassador to the United States in the early 20th century.

• Y. Z.

  Y.Z. was a common alias among pamphlet writers during the debate over the American question.

• Yves Guyot

  Yves Guyot (1843-1928) was one of the leading French laissez-faire economists at the end of the 19th and in the early 20th century.

• Zarathushtra (Zoroaster)

  Zarathushtra founded Zoroastrianism, which was a prominent religious force and the official faith under the later Achaemenian Kings (465-331 B.C.) and during the Sassanian Empire (A.D. 224-641/2) in Persia.

• Zawahir Moir